Toll-like receptor 9 mediates innate immune activation by the malaria pigment hemozoin

Malaria parasites within red blood cells digest host hemoglobin into a hydrophobic heme polymer, known as hemozoin (HZ), which is subsequently released into the blood stream and then captured by and concentrated in the reticulo-endothelial system. Accumulating evidence suggests that HZ is immunologically active, but the molecular mechanism(s) through which HZ modulates the innate immune system has not been elucidated. This work demonstrates that HZ purified from Plasmodium falciparum is a novel non-DNA ligand for Toll-like receptor (TLR)9. HZ activated innate immune responses in vivo and in vitro, resulting in the production of cytokines, chemokines, and up-regulation of costimulatory molecules. Such responses were severely impaired in TLR9−/− and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)−/−, but not in TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, or Toll/interleukin 1 receptor domain–containing adaptor-inducing interferon β−/− mice. Synthetic HZ, which is free of the other contaminants, also activated innate immune responses in vivo in a TLR9-dependent manner. Chloroquine (CQ), an antimalarial drug, abrogated HZ-induced cytokine production. These data suggest that TLR9-mediated, MyD88-dependent, and CQ-sensitive innate immune activation by HZ may play an important role in malaria parasite–host interactions

ショウチュウガクセイ ノ ネツ イドウ リカイ ニ カンスル ヒカク : 1990ネン ト 2000ネン チョウサ オ ヒカク シテ

The study curriculum that will be implemented in 2002 is slimmer than that of the 1989 curriculum. Many people, who are anxious about the decline of students\u27 basic knowledge, have discussed the problems associated with the slimmer version. However, since basic data on scholastic ability in elementary and lower secondary schools are limited, this argumentation becomes almost abstract. In this study, we have therefore examined students\u27 understanding of heat transfer comparing the year 1990 students to the year 2000 students for the concept of heat transfer and representation of heat. In order to avoid any controversy, the test was identical to that used ten years ago. The findings of the present study are as follows: 1. Fourth grade students who studied the concept of heat transfer, using a metal plate and inclined metal bar, have a level of understanding which is lower than students of the year 1990. This is because their curriculum did not include the cause of heat transfer. 2. Understanding of the phenomenon of convection is equal between unlearned third grade students and a learned group of students. 3. On the understanding of radiation, the students\u27 understanding of the year 2000 is lower than the students of 1990. 4. Third and fourth grade students think that a material becomes heavy if is warmed, and it becomes lighter if the material is cooled. Their reasoning is influenced by temperature change and cubic shrink proofing. 5. Elementary school students think that frozen material is heavier than unfrozen material. Ninth grade students realize that weight does not change even if the material freezes, however, only 50% understand that. 6. They make up their concepts about the relationship between weight and temperature changes based on their daily life experience, before they acquire a scientific conception about it. Therefore, even if students study the law of constancy of mass in the seventh grade, it is difficult to modify their misconceptions to a scientific conception. 7. This research revealed that the year 2000 students understanding and knowledge of the concepts of the heat transfer was lower than the 1990 students.国立情報学研究所『研究紀要公開支援事業』により電子化

Research and Design of a Routing Protocol in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

无线传感器网络，作为全球未来十大技术之一，集成了传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理和自组织网技术，可实时感知、采集、处理、传输网络分布区域内的各种信息数据，在军事国防、生物医疗、环境监测、抢险救灾、防恐反恐、危险区域远程控制等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。 本文研究分析了无线传感器网络的已有路由协议，并针对大规模的无线传感器网络设计了一种树状路由协议，它根据节点地址信息来形成路由，从而简化了复杂繁冗的路由表查找和维护，节省了不必要的开销，提高了路由效率，实现了快速有效的数据传输。 为支持此路由协议本文提出了一种自适应动态地址分配算——ADAR（AdaptiveDynamicAddre...As one of the ten high technologies in the future, wireless sensor network, which is the integration of micro-sensors, embedded computing, modern network and Ad Hoc technologies, can apperceive, collect, process and transmit various information data within the region. It can be used in military defense, biomedical, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, counter-terrorism, remote control of haz...学位：工学硕士院系专业：信息科学与技术学院通信工程系_通信与信息系统学号：2332007115216