Crown Dynamics of Several Tree Species in a Tropical Rain Forest

The study was conducted in Pasoh Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan. By considering trees as a metapopulation of modules, leaf phenology and crown dynamics were analyzed, specifically in relation to the complexity of their stratification that characterizes the tropical rain forests. The results of leaf phenology study clearly demonstrated that the number of trees flushed was synchronized with the seasonality of rainfall. As a result, two flushing season existed in a year. However, flowering season was restricted to first heavy rainfall season from March to April. Shoot elongated intermittently in most species and only two species showed the continuous growth type. Leaf flushing and falling were synchronized in most of the species. Crown dynamics were analyzed from the change in leaf number inside the crown. Most of small species (less than 15 m tall) expanded their crowns even though they were strongly suppressed. Because canopy around the tower systems was closed and light condition of understory was limited, only shade-tolerant species could regenerate. On the contrary, crown dynamics of middle-height species (from 15 m to 30 m tall) differed according to their light availability. Two canopy trees (larger than 30 m) maintained their crowns without increasing leaf number in the upper parts with high leaf turnover rate. The minimum leaf longevity was 7.9 months in one canopy tree. Smaller trees had the smaller leaf turnover ratio. This is consistent with the reported results of previous research

Housing the Rangoon poor : Indians, Burmese, and town planning in colonial Burma

In Rangoon/Yangon, the ex-capital city of Burma/Myanmar, there still remain many old buildings today. Those buildings were constructed in the British colonial period, especially from the 1900s to the 1930s, and formed Rangoon\u27s built environment as something modern. In focusing on the period before and after the inauguration of the Rangoon Development Trust in 1921, this paper describes how the colonial administrative authorities perceived urban problems and how their policy and practice affected urban society. It also suggests the possibility that competition for habitation among the lower strata of Rangoon society was a cause of the serious urban riot in 1930

The structure of coasting trade in British India from 1905 to 1931

During the early 20th century, South Asia experienced its most regionally integrated period in history, and under British rule, port cities were well connected via coasting trade. This paper examines the trade structure within British India between 1905 to 1931 and shows how South Asia was regionally integrated both through quantitative measures and various maps

インド人移民の都市からビルマの首都へ : 植民地港湾都市ラングーンにおけるビルマ国家枠組みの生成

学位の種別:課程博士University of Tokyo(東京大学

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

マレーシア ネッタイ ウリン ニ オケル ヨウグン ドウタイ ト ジュカン イジ ヨウシキ

京都大学0048新制・課程博士博士(農学)甲第9212号農博第1217号新制||農||834(附属図書館)学位論文||H13||N3596(農学部図書室)UT51-2001-R761京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻(主査)教授 武田 博清, 教授 東 順一, 教授 谷 誠学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Agricultural ScienceKyoto UniversityDA

An Embryonic Border: Racial Discourses and Compulsory Vaccination for Indian Immigrants at Ports in Colonial Burma, 1870-1937

This paper examines how an administrative border emerged between historically and culturally different and geographically separate regions which nevertheless had been integrated into one state under the colonial power. As a result of three Anglo-Burmese wars in the 19th century, Burma was colonized by the British. During the course of its colonization, the country formally became a province of India. Hence no border had existed between Burma and the rest of India until 1937 when the former was separated from the latter. This connection with India brought Burma unrestricted labour supply from India which was necessary for the growth of the economy. But at the same time, such a vast flow of people included undesirable elements like criminals, beggars and people sick of infectious diseases which caused social problems in Burma. While the government of Burma attempted to deter or exclude those undesirable elements in order to maintain social order, these attempts were frustrated by several factors. In spite of these circumstances, the local government started taking more decisive policy for examinations of immigrants after the middle of the 1910s. No border existed yet, but port cities, especially Rangoon, gradually assumed function of checking people who came from “outside” into “inside”. I would like to call this phenomenon, tentatively, the emergence of an embryonic border. As a part of this phenomenon, this paper describes a history of sanitary regulations for Indian immigrant labourers in colonial Burma, by focusing on a case of implementation of compulsory vaccination at ports. And it points out that those regulations wereCet article montre comment une frontière administrative est apparue entre deux régions historiquement et culturellement différentes et géographiquement séparées réunies toutefois en un État par un pouvoir colonial. Après trois guerres anglo-birmanes au xixe siècle, la Birmanie devint une colonie britannique et pendant cette colonisation le pays devint officiellement une province indienne. De fait aucune frontière ne séparait la Birmanie du reste de l’Inde jusqu’en 1937 quand une séparation fut opérée entre les deux. Ce lien avec l’Inde entraîna un apport non limité de main-d’œuvre depuis l’Inde, nécessaire à la croissance de l’économie. Ce flot de population comprenait des éléments indésirables : criminels, mendiants, personnes atteintes de maladies contagieuses qui étaient sources de problèmes sociaux en Birmanie. Le gouvernement de Birmanie rencontra des difficultés dans ses tentatives de décourager ou d’exclure ces éléments indésirables pour assurer le maintien de l’ordre social. Malgré tout, après le milieu de la décennie 1910, le gouvernement local commença par mettre en place une politique plus déterminée dans l’examen des immigrants. Les frontières restaient inexistantes, mais les villes portuaires, Rangoun tout particulièrement, entreprirent de contrôler les gens se rendant de l’« extérieur » vers l’« intérieur ». Je souhaiterais proposer de baptiser ce phénomène frontière embryonnaire. Dans ce phénomène, cet article développe une histoire des règlements sanitaires pour les travailleurs immigrés indiens dans la Birmanie coloniale, en focalisant sur le cas des vaccinations obligatoires dans les ports, et en soulignant que ces règlements étaient fondés sur des discours raciaux concernant les travailleurs indiens