A Five Year Review of the Complications of Progestogen only Injectable Contraceptive at the University of Port-Harcourt Teaching Hospital

The injectable progestogen only contraceptive is a widely accepted method of contraception in our environment and very little has been reported on its complications in our environment. The aim of the study was to highlight the complications associated with use of Injectable Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Norethisterone Enanthate in clients at the University of Port- Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port-Harcourt, South- South Nigeria It was a 5 year retrospective study of the clients who accepted and used progestogen only injectable contraceptives (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and noerthistherone enantate) at the family planning units of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2004. The case files of these clients were retrieved their data extracted. The information included the clients sociodemographic characteristics, the types doses of of injectable contraceptives received and the side effects reported at the follow up visits. The data was coded and entered into a data bank and analysed using SPSS for windows11.0 version. Seven hundred and seventy seven (777) injectable contraceptive acceptors out of the 1720 contraceptive acceptors during the study period. This accounted for 45.17% of the new acceptors over the 5 years period, making the injectable contraceptives the most commonly used method of birth control in UPTH. Five hundred and five (505) clients took depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) while 272 used norethesterone enanthate (NE-ET). The mean age of the injectable contraceptive users was 31.31±5.5 years and the mean parity was 5.5±2.5 deliveries. The users reported multiple side effects with 579 episodes. Secondary amenorrhea was the commonest side effect occurring in 350 (45.34%) clients. Others were hypertension in 17 (2.94%) and metabolic disturbances in 14 (2.41%). Conclusion: Injectable progestogen only contraceptive is associated with multiple side effects, with secondary amenorrhoea being the most common. The contraceptive failure rate of thismethod in ourwomenis low.Keywords: progestogen injectable contraceptive, medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethisterone enanthate, complicat ions, secondary amenorrhoea

Automated Well Test Analysis II Using ‘Well Test Auto’

The use of computers in the petroleum industry is both cost effective and a solution to human errors in carrying out data analysis. In well testing, recent advances in gauge equipments and the need for a timely interpretation of well-test data, to mention a few, have spurred the need for a computer aided approach. The well test interpretation procedure has been completely automated in this work by implementing the approach presented in part I of this paper, in a computer program using Visual Basic Excel; WELL TEST AUTO.  This program was tested on ten (10) data sets. These data sets comprise of eight (8) design/simulated data sets (Using a simulator and lifted from literature) and two (2) actual field data sets (lifted from literature). Although the results of the ten (10) data sets proved successful as the confidence intervals (CIs) of the parameters were within an acceptable range, selected three (3) data sets were analyzed and presented in this work.

The Impact of Galactorrhoea on Infertility In Port Harcourt.

Background: Infertility is a major global problem and is regarded as a social stigma in the Nigerian society. At least one in every ten couples of reproductive age has infertility. Galactorrhoea is one of the complaints often associated with infertility. Its relationship with amenorrhoea and infertility is well established. The objective of this study is to determine the incidence and contribution of galactorrhoea to female infertility and to determine any correlation between galactorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia.Methods: A descriptive prospective study involving 186 consecutive patients presenting with infertility at the University of Port Harcourt teaching Hospital between 1st January 2009 and 30th June 2009. All patients presenting with infertility at the gynaecological clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between 1st January 2009 and 30th June 2009 were included in this study. Data was collected based on a protocol developed for the study. Data collected was entered into a spread sheet ® using SPSS 14.0 for Windows statistical software which was also used for analysis.Results: Galactorrhoea was present in 101 (54%) of the infertile patients. Only 58% of the patients who had galactorrhoea were aware they had galactorrhoea. Galactorrhoea was associated with menstrual abnormalities in 37.8% of the patients, 17% had amenorrhoea while 20.8% had oligomenorrhoea. Hyperprolactinaemia was found in 55% of the study population, 76.9% of these had galactorrhoea while 80% o f all patients with galactorroea had hyper prolactinaemia. Galactor rhoea (with  hyperprolactinaemia) was the only abnormality found in 16.1% of the study population and in 29.7% of those with anovulation.Conclusion: There is a high incidence of galactorrhoea (54%) and hyperprolactinaemia (55%) amongst infertile women as seen in this study. 16.1% of the study population had galactorrhoea (with hyperprolactinaemia) as the only abnormal finding. Most patients with galactorrhoea would also have Hyperprolactinaemia.There is a positive correlation between galactorrhoea & hyper prolactinaemia, not all women with hyperprolactinaemia had galactorrhoea and vice-versa.Keywords: Galactorrhoea; infertility; Nigeria

Cranio-facial and Ocular Morphometrics of the Male Greater Cane Rat (Thryonomys swinderianus)

Cranio-facial indices still remain a useful means of early detection of the characteristic facial appearance of some syndromes. The cranio-facial and gross ocular morphometry of the male Greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) was studied using 9 adults. A total of twenty seven parameters were determined for each head. Linear measurements were determined on each eyeball using digital vernier calliper, measuring rule and a piece of twine. Cranio-facial parameters assessed included distance between medial canthi, height of the incisor, extent of oral commissures, width and length of the pinnae. All measured parameters were correlated with the body weight. The highest positive correlation was observed between the body weight and the width of the head, while the heights of the two upper incisors showed the lowest negative correlation with the body weight. The weights of the animals, heads and both eyeballs were 1.97 ± 0.37 kg, 252.00 ± 36.89 g, and 1.00 ± 0.12 g respectively. With increase in the use of wildlife as experimental animals, results from this study may find application in the field of comparative anatomy and pathological studies as well as in wildlife clinical applications.Key words: Greater cane rat, craniofacial index, anthropometric indices, ocular measurements

The Discriminant Formula for the Determination of Sex of Adults in A Nigerian Population (Using Pelvic Radiographs)

Identification of sex in human skeletal remains is an important component and frequently the starting point of many forensic anthropological investigations. This study was carried out to document the determination of sex by discriminant formula using the pelvic radiographs of Nigerian adults. Measurements were carried out on the pelvis. Pelvic radiographs of 500 adult Nigerians of known sex, age range 18-75 years (comprising 250 males and 250 females) were measured in the antero-posterior position using a digital vernier calliper. The data was analysed using z-test. The results showed that the mean values for the Ischial length and Pubic length in males were 86.82±8.25mm and 76.41±8.91mm respectively while in females the Ischial length and Pubic length were 80.62±7.66mm and 84.58±8.80mm respectively. 4% males and 19% females were identified for ischial length and 15% males and 42% females were identified for pubic length. The mean value for pelvic height in males and females were 236.70±12.51mm and 223.02±12.18mm respectively, the demarking points identified 29% males and 32% females, while the mean value for midpubic width in males and females were 25.94± 4.54mm and 30.09± 3.67mm respectively, the demarking points identified 40% and 65% females. The mean values for ischiopubic and pelvic height/midpubic width were statistically significant (P<0.05). The mean values of the pelvic height/midpubic index were 9.35 ± 1.38 in males and 7.49 ± 0.82 in females. The demarking points identified 72% males and 75% females. While the mean values of the ischiopubic index in males and females were 88.46±9.26 in males and 114.67±99.28 in females, the demarking points identified 56% males and 84% females. It was observed that the males had higher pelvic height and ischial length than females, while the females had longer pubic length and mid pubic width which contributed to the females having wider pelvis. The accurate determination of sex and race are important tools to forensic Scientists and physical anthropologists. Keywords: Pelvis, Radiographs, Sex determination, Nigerian population

Relationship Between Subchorionic Haematoma and Abdominal Massage in Pregnancy in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A Pilot Study

Background: Abdominal massage (AM) in pregnancy is a common practice in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. AM may cause events such as subchorionic haematoma (SAH) and increase the risk of miscarriages and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Objective: To determine the relationship between AM and SCH in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2022 at the Obstetrics and Radiology Units of four health facilities in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Consenting eligible pregnant women presenting to the antenatal clinic during the first trimester were consecutively included. An obstetric ultrasound scan was performed transabdominal. Results: Of the 403 women recruited, 241 (59.8%) were aged (20 – 29 years). The mean age was 28.02 ± 5.99 years. The mean body mass index was 23.82±4.60 kg/m2. While 170 (42.2%) had undergone AM in the first trimester of the index pregnancy, 126 (31.3%) had vaginal bleeding, and SCH occurred in 109 (27.0%) women. Women who had AM had 210 (CI: 58 – 878) times the odds of having SCH and 3.3 (CI: 2.14 – 5.15) times the odds of vaginal bleeding than women who did not have AM. Only 2 (1.8%) women with SCH did not have AM. Conclusion: There exists a strong association between the occurrence of SCH among pregnant women who have had AM. More health education is needed for women in the Niger Delta region and Nigeria to eradicate the archaic practice and improve pregnancy outcomes

Anatomical description of the central nervous system and the vertebral column of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Wildlife anaesthesiology is a dynamic and emerging field. Different species of aquatic and wildlife species are gradually gaining more recognition for their use in research, as pets or as food. This study highlights some gross and histological features of the central nervous system and vertebral column of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Twenty male adult African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were used for this experiment. Brains and spinal cords were harvested and linear measurements obtained. Routine stains Heamatoxylin and Eosin and Cresyl Violet stain were used for histological preparation. Grossly, the brain was lobulated, appearing like follicles. Relative brain weight was 0.11± 0.02%. Average fork length was 439.40 ± 21.26 mm, and the calculated encephalisation quotient was 0.084 ± 0.013, making the catfish appear to be at a lower level on the intelligence ladder. Histology revealed a telencephalon with indistinct layers, unlike that observed in mammals. The cerebellum was also unique, with the Purkinje cells appearing like spindle-shaped neurons and irregularly distributed in the molecular layer. The stroma of the molecular layer of the cerebellum was seen to form tracts which extend into the granular layer. The number of vertebral bones were consistent in all animals but there was a variation in the number of spinal nerves observed. The distinguishing features of the vertebral bones were highlighted and the presence of a ventral foramen, partly enclosed by the transverse processes was discussed. Results obtained from this study will find application in comparative anatomy, fish anesthesiology and possibly surgical maneuvers involving neurological diseases