2,660 research outputs found
Matter and Interactions: a particle physics perspective
In classical mechanics matter and fields are completely separated. Matter
interacts with fields. For particle physicists this is not the case. Both
matter and fields are represented by particles. Fundamental interactions are
mediated by particles exchanged between matter particles. In this paper we
explain why particle physicists believe in such a picture, introducing the
technique of Feynman diagrams starting from very basic and popular analogies
with classical mechanics, making the physics of elementary particles
comprehensible even to high school students, the only prerequisite being the
knowledge of the conservation of mechanical energy.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, Lecture given to degree students other than
physicists during outreach seminars. Vers. 2 has better figure placement and
an acknowledge section, as well as corrections in the bibliograh
Unveiling the Higgs mechanism to students
In this paper we give the outline of a lecture given to undergraduate
students aiming at understanding why physicists are so much interested in the
Higgs boson. The lecture has been conceived for students not yet familiar with
advanced physics and is suitable for several disciplines, other than physics.
The Higgs mechanism is introduced by semi-classical arguments mimicking the
basic field theory concepts, assuming the validity of a symmetry principle in
the expression of the energy of particles in a classical field. The lecture is
divided in two parts: the first, suitable even to high--school students, shows
how the mass of a particle results as a dynamical effect due to the interaction
between a massless particle and a field (as in the Higgs mechanism). The
audience of the second part, much more technical, consists mainly of teachers
and university students of disciplines other than physics.Comment: mistake corrected in equation (2) and below thanks to Loic Turba
Effectiveness of a laboratory course with Arduino and smartphones
Arduino and Smartphones have been used since 2021 in a class of practicals held at Sapienza UniversitĂ di Roma, to train physics undergraduates in laboratory activities. This paper briefly describes the organisation of the activities and report about the results of questionnaires administered to participating students before and after the course
Magnetic fields produced by electric railways
We propose a simple experiment to explore magnetic fields created by electric
railways and compare them with a simple model and parameters estimated using
easily available information. A pedestrian walking on an overpass above train
tracks registers the components of the magnetic field with the built-in
magnetometer of a smartphone. The experimental results are successfully
compared with a model of the magnetic field of the transmission lines and the
local Earth's magnetic field. This experiment, suitable for a field trip,
involves several abilities, such as modeling the magnetic field of power lines,
looking up reliable information and estimating non-easily accessible
quantities.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, some typos correcte
High Voltage System for the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter
The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is made of about 75000 lead tungstate crystals. The 61200 crystals of the barrel part are read by avalanche photodiodes (APD) with internal amplification of the signal. Since the gain strongly depends on the bias voltage, the APDs require a very stable power supply system. To preserve the high energy resolution of the calorimeter, a stability of the bias voltage of the order of 10^-4 is required over several months, a typical interval between absolute calibrations of the full read-out chain with physics events. This paper describes the High Voltage power supply system developed for CMS ECAL and its performances as measured in laboratory tests and during test-beam operations of several modules of the calorimeter
Studio di un urto anelastico: una proposta per le Scuole Secondarie di II grado nell'ambito del progetto "Lab2Go"
When a free falling ping-pong ball collides on a horizontal surface, it loses kinetic energy. The ratio between the height reached by the ball after the collision and the initial height is called restitution coefficient. A method to measure it by using a home-made cathetometer was proposed during the Olimpiadi di Fisica 2018. In this paper we show how to measure it also by using the PhyPhox app and Arduino boar
Intercalibration of the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at start-up
Calibration of the relative response of the individual channels of the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS detector was accomplished, before installation, with cosmic ray muons and test beams. One fourth of the calorimeter was exposed to a beam of high energy electrons and the relative calibration of the channels, the intercalibration, was found to be reproducible to a precision of about 0.3%. Additionally, data were collected with cosmic rays for the entire ECAL barrel during the commissioning phase. By comparing the intercalibration constants obtained with the electron beam data with those from the cosmic ray data, it is demonstrated that the latter provide an intercalibration precision of 1.5% over most of the barrel ECAL. The best intercalibration precision is expected to come from the analysis of events collected in situ during the LHC operation. Using data collected with both electrons and pion beams, several aspects of the intercalibration procedures based on electrons or neutral pions were investigated
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