LA NOTION DE CONVERSION AUX FRONTIÈRES DE L’EUROPE UN ASPECT DU CATHOLICISME DANS LE DIOCÈSE DE SENJ-MODRUS AUX XVIIÈ ET XVIIIÈ SIÈCLES

La démarche de conversion au catholicisme dans la Croatie habsbourgeoise aux XVIIè et XVIIIè siècles peut être étudiée dans le cadre du diocèse de Senj-Modrus dont la plus grande partie relève de la frontière militaire organisée face à la menace durable de l’Islam ottoman. La spécificité de ce diocèse confiné entre des zones d’influences et d’obédiences spirituelles diverses implique une stratégie multiple de la part du clergé: il convient de définir les objectifs qui sous-atendent l’oeuvre de conversion envers quelques protestants (luthériens), à l’égard des orthodoxes qui s’implantent toujours plus nombreux et parmi les musulmans des territoires reconquis sur les Turcs. S’ajoute la pratique religieuse croate traditionnelle des glagolisants, inégalement appréciée par les évêques successifs, qui confère au catholicisme du diocèse une nature double et parfois confl ictuelle. Dans le cadre des territoires reconquis sur les Turcs en 1689, les finalités de l’administration impériale et les ambitions du Saint Siège sont-elles en cohérence? Quelle est la portée sociale ou politique de la conversion dans un espace géopolitique en cours de stabilisation? Seule une analyse approfondie de la pratique religieuse permettrait d’évaluer le degré de conviction des convertis. Néanmoins, outre l’apport des études déjà effectuées par différents historiens, l’analyse des archives et de plusieurs documents iconographiques conduit à préciser le sens de l’expression religieuse locale

What is happening to the health of the Croatian population?

AIM: To describe the problems in the interpretation of Croatian mortality data and explore possible reasons for the recorded increase in mortality in the 1990-1999 period, particularly related to different methods of collection and estimation of data on deaths and population. METHODS: Numbers of recorded deaths and population estimates were first obtained from the Croatian Institute for Public Health and examined in detail. The Institute used population estimates supplied by the Croatian Statistics Bureau, which included de jure population data (including all Croatian citizens wherever they live) until 1996 and de facto population data (including only population living in Croatia at least for a year, irrespective of citizenship) since 1996. A different set of population estimates based on de facto estimates since 1992 was obtained from the Croatian Bureau of Statistics. We examined trends in age- and sex-specific death rates from major causes in 1990-1999 period, using the mortality data from the Croatian Institute for Public Health and both sets of population estimates. Lung cancer as a cause of death was examined in more detail, since it is relatively stable over short periods of time. Interviews were undertaken with key informants to identify the reasons for any discrepancies. RESULTS: In Croatia, relatively stable death rates from lung cancer in men ranged from 84/100,000 in 1990 to 79/ 100,000 in 1995. In 1996, a marked discontinuity appeared in the Croatian data, with a 14% increase compared to 1995 (from 79/100,000 to 91/100,000) and a further increase in 1999 (94/100,000), which is not credible on the basis of the natural history of lung cancer. Analysis of mortality rates with de facto population estimates showed more gradual increase from 1992-1996. Methods used to estimate population and mortality during the 1990s were inconsistent and misleading. At present, it is impossible to be certain about the true level of mortality in Croatia during 1990s, as the numerator (deaths) and denominator (population) were incompatible until 1998. CONCLUSION: Major problems in data collection would have been identified if the investigation of unexpected mortality trends in Croatia in the 1990s had been done. Systematic analysis of health patterns should be done as soon as data from the 2001 census become available. Capacities in public health should be strengthened to make this possible. This issue has received little recognition from the international donor organizations, particularly those that use health data

Razvoj modela za faktore korekcije ugiba fleksibilnih kolovoznih konstrukcija s obzirom na temperaturu

Temperatura asfaltnih slojeva ima, pored opterećenja, najznačajniji uticaj na veličinu ugiba ispod samog opterećenja ili blisko opterećenju. Postojeći modeli za faktore korekcije razvijeni su na bazi inostranih iskustava i ne održavaju u potpunosti asfaltne mešavine koje se primenjuju u regionu. U radu je prikazano istraživanje sa ciljem da se razviju modeli za faktore korekcije koji se mogu primeniti u postupcima analize ugiba i proračuna nosivosti postojećih kolovoznih konstrukcija. Istraživanje se sastoji iz tri dela. Moduli asfaltnih mešavina AB11s za habajući sloj i BNS 22sA za gornji noseći sloj dobijeni su na osnovu master krivih za ove mešavine koje su konstruisane na bazi laboratorijskih ispitivanja modula krutosti. Proračun ugiba vršen je programom EVERSTRESS za tri nivoa fleksibilnih i polukrutih kolovoznih konstrukcija, sa debljinama asfaltnih slojeva od 100 mm do 210 mm. Dobijeni ugibi poslužili su za proračun faktora korekcije na referentnu temperaturu od 20oC za raspon temperatura od 10oC do 30oC koji se smatra realnim i poželjnim za merenje ugiba fleksibilnih kolovoznih konstrukcija. Konačno, model za faktore korekcije razvijen je i validiran primenom neuronskih mreža. Model obuhvata fleksibilne i polukrute kolovozne konstrukcije, i pored temperature asfaltnih slojeva uključuje i debljinu slojeva i rastojanje ugibomera od centra opterećenja.The temperature of asphalt layers have, in addition to loading, the most significant influence on the pavement deflections below the load and within the deflection bowl. Existing models for temperature correction factors have been developed on the basis of foreign experience and do not take into account the asphalt mixtures used in the region. The paper presents a research with the aim of developing models for correction factors that can be applied in the procedures of deflection analysis and bearing capacity calculation of existing pavement structures. The research consists of three parts. The stiffness moduli of asphalt mixtures AC11s for the wearing course and AC 22sA for the base layer were obtained from their master curves, which were constructed on the basis of laboratory tests of stiffness modules. The calculation of deflection was performed by the EVERSTRESS program for three levels of flexible and semi-rigid pavement structures, with asphalt layer thicknesses from 100 mm to 210 mm. The obtained deflections were used for the calculation of the correction factor to the reference temperature of 20oC for the temperature range from 10oC to 30oC, which is considered realistic and desirable for deflection measurements on flexible pavement structures. Finally, a model for correction factors was developed and validated using neural networks. The model includes flexible and semi-rigid pavement structures, and in addition to the temperature of the asphalt layers, it also includes the thickness of the layers and the distance of the deflecton from the center of the loading

Childhood injury: call for action.

We aim to raise awareness of the burden of avoidable death and disability attributable to childhood injury in Europe in general and Croatia in particular. As formerly common causes of childhood death have declined, injuries have become the most important single cause of death in childhood in European countries. Yet, there are large differences between countries, and especially between the eastern and western parts of Europe. The existence of these differences, reflecting rapid declines in some countries, indicate the scope for prevention. But injuries are low on the policy agenda for various reasons, including their lack of visibility. We advocated the development of integrated intersectoral policies underpinned by an effective public health structure

Lymphatic tissue in experimental poliovirus infection (Serbocroatian)

Some problems in the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis are still unsolved. One problem is the site of primary multiplication and of the place of the lymphatic tissue in the pathogenesis. The distribution of poliovirus was investigated in the body of orally infected adult Cynomolgus monkeys

Lateral ventricles in fetuses with aneuploidies at 11-13 weeks' gestation

OBJECTIVE: To examine the possible association between aneuploidies and fetal lateral cerebral ventriculomegaly in the first trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: Three-dimensional brain volumes were acquired by transvaginal ultrasound examination at 11-13 weeks' gestation in 410 euploid fetuses and 63 fetuses with trisomy 21, 34 with trisomy 18 and seven with trisomy 13. Lateral ventricles were assessed in a transverse view, just above the roof of the third ventricle and measurements of the areas of the lateral ventricles and choroid plexuses were obtained. The ratio between choroid plexus and lateral ventricle areas (CLR) was calculated. Measurements in aneuploid fetuses were compared to those in euploid fetuses. RESULTS: In euploid fetuses the lateral ventricle and choroid plexus areas increased, whereas the CLR decreased with fetal biparietal diameter. In fetuses with trisomy 21, lateral ventricle and choroid plexus areas were smaller but CLR was not significantly different from that in euploid fetuses. In trisomy 18 and 13 fetuses, CLR was significantly smaller than in euploid fetuses. The CLR was below the 5(th) centile of normal range in 11 (32.4%) fetuses with trisomy 18 and in six (85.7%) with trisomy 13. CONCLUSION: There is evidence of ventriculomegaly at 11-13 weeks' gestation in most fetuses with trisomy 13 and one third of fetuses with trisomy 18