Rights-based management in Latin American fisheries

This study reports on a diversity of cases of rights-based benthic and finfish fisheries from Latin America. For benthic fisheries, Part I of this technical paper documents managementexperiences including: (i) limited entry or moratoria combined with a total allowable catch(TAC) in the Galapagos Islands sea cucumber fishery, and in the sea urchin and Juliana clam fisheries of Chile; (ii) catch shares in the diving fisheries for scallops from San José Gulf (Argentina) and for the loco snail in Chile (a system now defunct), and the Patagonian scallop industrial fishery (Argentina); (iii) Territorial use privileges based on sea bed tracts in Chilean territorial use rights in fisheries (TURFs, 'AMERBs'), concessions from central Baja California (Mexico), 'predios' of sustainable use in Mexico, and concessions for seaweed extraction in Argentine Patagonia; (iv) individual use privileges over fishing 'campos' in spiny lobster concessions of Punta Allen (Mexico), 'marcas' in the Juan Fernández lobster fishery, and 'parcelas' in Chilean algal harvests; and (v) territorial communal rights (traditional and indigenous users) in the Seri Indian fishery of Mexico, Brazilian Reserva Extrativistas, and the piangua fishery of Colombia's Afro-American communities. For finfish fisheries, Part II presents rights-based management study cases for: (i) individual vessel quota (IVQ) management of the anchovy (Engraulis ringens) fishery of Peru; (ii) individual stakeholder quota management of the hake (Merluccius gayi gayi) fishery of Chile; (iii) community territorial use rights in the Gulf weakfish (Cynoscion othonopterus) fishery of the Gulf of California, Mexico; and (iv) individual effort quotas (IEQs) for artisanal communities in the multispecies fishery at Coiba National Park, Panama. Each case specifies the main attributes of the access rights (in a broad sense, including privileges), whether formal or informal: (i) how the rights are conferred and upheld; (ii) exclusivity of participation in the fishery; (iii) duration of the rights conferred; (iv) security or quality of the title conferred by the rights; (v) transferability, divisibility and flexibility in the use of the rights; and (vi) actual rights enforceability and corresponding compliance with use rights limitations. The study also reports on aspects of the harvest strategies in place, including: (i) fishing methods and gear; (ii) when fishing is authorized to take place; (iii) harvest controls; and (iv) monitoring.For fisheries targeting benthic organisms, main findings for the major categories ofprivileges or rights were:- Limited entry. A moratorium on the number of participants (boats and/or fishers),possibly combined with a TAC, often has been the first reaction to symptoms ofoverfishing. Moratoria are, in principle, a short-term instrument that should evolve intoformal limited-entry systems with specified entry/exit rules, a form of 'non-quantitativeaccess rights'. In practice, closed registries tend to become frozen, which results in aninformal market for the privileges of registered but inactive fishers and a distortion offishing effort statistics.- Catch shares. Catch shares have fared better in situations where there are fewparticipants, whether the shares are granted to individual coastal gatherers, small-scaleboat-owners or industrial vessels. In limited-entry systems (with or without catch shares)where the fishing units are small boats (typical of commercial diving), whether accessprivileges are vested on individual fishers or boats has significant implications formanagement. The dynamics (entry, mobility, ageing, attrition and exit) of fishers and boatsare very different. Fishers are generally more transient than boats, and often move acrossjurisdictional boundaries. Systems based on catch shares granted to individual fishers havefailed when the number of participants is large, mostly because inflated or outdatedregistries and poor enforcement have frustrated effective implementation.- Territorial use privileges typically consist of concessions to fishers organizations,such as Mexican cooperatives and Chilean 'sindicatos', for the use of specific resources intracts of seabed (TURFs). Differences in design have significant management implications.In the case of Chilean AMERBs, the tracts are relatively small, leaving variable extensionsof background areas where fishing for key target species is nominally banned, butregulations are unenforceable. The result has been severe depletion of valuable resources(e.g. loco snails) in background areas and an illegal market for small, sublegal shellfish.Mexican cooperatives from central Baja California, instead, have concessions overextended tracts contiguous with each other, so that there is no unclaimed backgroundterritory. This system has been very successful on most accounts. Overall, TURFs havefared better in cases with a long history of collective territorial appropriation, informal in itsbeginnings, than in systems introduced de novo by design. Moreover, they have been moreeffective in cases where the tracts are close to fishing communities, particularly in ruralareas, which facilitates vigilance and deterrence of intruders.- Individual privileges for access to fishing spots, a particular form of TURF, are as arule regulated by some form of customary marine tenure. These systems are typicallyassociated with interception gear, such as traps or attraction devices. Informal individualprivileges are usually tradable under a variety of arrangements (monetary or else) and canbe inherited. The 'parcela' system of algal harvesting from Chile is based on resourceswith a high turnover rate, and privileges may be temporary and re-assigned through alottery. Informal customary marine tenure systems are the result of a protracted process ofadaptive adjustment. Formalization of customary systems poses significant risks because, inthe absence of effective feedback, formality can be a straightjacket for systems whoseresilience is conditioned on their adaptiveness.- Territorial communal rights granted to traditional and indigenous users aredifferent from all of the preceding because access rights to fishing are usually only part of abroader package. Restitution of rights is always accompanied by significant devolution ofmanagement authority. This results in two-tier governance systems, in which somedecisions are made at the national level (e.g. 'bounding' the community), while rules forthe access to resources or benefits by individual members are decided within thecommunity. Issues of legitimacy raised by the definition of 'community' can be verycomplex. Moreover, the granting of exclusive communal rights may be in conflict withnational legislation.The main attributes of the rights-based systems in place for the finfish fisheries reported inthis study are the following.For the IVQ system in the anchovy (Engraulis ringens) fishery of Peru, exclusive rights aregranted for ten years with a contract warrant to industrial vessels targeting anchovy for indirect human consumption outside the five-mile limit allocated to artisanal vessels. There is no transferability of rights independent of the vessel unit, and divisibility is allowed to substitute capacity of individual vessels removed from fishing. For the individual stakeholder fishing quota of the common hake (Merluccius gayi gayi) fishery in Chile, the current fishery law in operation allocates 5 miles from the coast for exclusive use of the artisanal fishing. In addition, the common hake fishery is declared in full operation and a limited-entry scheme is in place for both industrial and artisanal. A maximum catch limit per stakeholder MCLS is also in place. By law, a TAC must be defined annually to assign 35 percent for the artisanal sector and 65 percent for the industrial one. Rights are renewable on a yearly basis, and the State guarantees the right to a fraction of the total TAC, subject to biomass accessibility. Rights are non-transferable and non-divisible. With the community territorial use rights of the Gulf weakfish (Cynoscion othonopterus) of the Gulf of California, Mexico, exclusive territorial fishing rights with limited entry are granted for two years to a coastal community with limited entry. Security is provided by fishing title rights for the period covered by the fishing licence. In this Mexican fishery, rights are non-transferable and non-divisible. For the multispecies fishery at Coiba NationalPark, Panama, exclusive fishing rights are granted, through IEQs, to fishers of 47 small-scale boats. Rights are granted for one year with the possibility of renewability. These rights are secure rights as long as there is full compliance with regulations of the Coiba National Park. Transferability or divisibility of these rights is not allowed.The study also explores and discusses the following questions: How can the property rightssystems illustrated in the case studies improve the incentives for stewardship, conservation and sustained profitability? What sorts of distributional implications are there in each of the rights-based finfish fisheries reported? What sorts of operational requirements do the different types of property rights documented demand in terms of research, enforcement, administration and actual fishing operations?The diversity of rights-based management schemes reported for benthic and finfish fisheriesin Latin America seems to respond to: (i) local fishery contexts; (ii) institutional, resource and ecosystem dynamics; and (iii) governance capacities in place. At this stage of establishing rights-based schemes in Latin America, a commonality found in virtually all study cases is the non-transferability of formal privileges. It seems to reflect the concerns for potential concentration of fishing rights in a few hands were transferability introduced. In many of the cases discussed, non-divisibility of rights is also specified. In contrast, informal access privileges are effectively transferable and divisible in some customary tenure systems where sea bed resources are targeted. Enforcement and compliance continues to be a challenge for many of the cases reported, particularly in artisanal fisheries. Community self-policing in fisheries with a limited number of participants seems to facilitate compliance with regulations and granted rights. Because of the relatively short time span in which the reported formal right-based systems have been in place, the sustainability performance of most of them cannot yet be properly assessed. The main exceptions are spiny lobster fisheries from Mexico (Baja California and Quintana Roo) and Chile (Juan Fernández Islands), in which sustainability has been achieved through a long history of informal access arrangements preceding (or coexisting with) more recently established formal privileges.Fil: Orensanz, Jose Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Seijo, Juan Carlos. Universidad de Merida; Méxic

Pleijelius longae n. gen., n. sp., un poliqueto abisal sorprendente del atlántico noroccidental (Polychaeta: Hesionidae)

A new genus and species, Pleijelius longae n. gen., n. sp., is proposed for a small hesionid from deep water off Woods Hole, in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. The new genus can be separated from other members of the family by having six pairs of enlarged anterior cirri, abundant dorsally-oriented notochaetae, provided with a single row of 2-4 denti- cles, and 10 cushion-shaped marginal pharynx papillae. A cladistic analysis indicates that this new taxon falls within Hesionidae and is the sister group to Hesioninae. A key to all ‘hesionid’ genera is also included.Un nuevo género y especie, Pleijelius longae n. gen., n. sp., es propuesto para un pequeño hesiónido sorprendente abisal recogido frente a Woods Hole, en el Atlántico Noroccidental. El nuevo género puede sepa- rarse de los otros de la familia por contar con seis pares de cirros anteriores alargados, notochaetas abundantes dirigidas dor - salmente, provistas con una hilera de 2-4 dentículos, y faringe con 10 papilas redondeadas marginales. Un análsis cladístico indica que el nuevo género pertenece a Hesionidae y es el grupo hermano de los Hesioninae. También se presenta una clave para todos los géneros de “hesiónidos” del mundo.Fil: Salazar Vallejo, S. I.. El Colegio de la Frontera del Sur; MéxicoFil: Orensanz, Jose Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin

Methods to use fishers’ knowledge for fisheries assessment and management

Fishers´ knowledge (FK) pertains to all the components of a fishery, conceived as a social-ecological system: the target resources and the ecosystems of which they are part (the domain of folk or traditional ecological knowledge), the fishing process, and the social, cultural, economical and governance subsystems. We consider FK from two different perspectives: utility and governance. The first focuses on the content and value of FK; the second emphasizes the role of fishers in assessment and the management process. Under the utility perspective, fishers are providers of information; a critical aspect is the assessment of reliability of the information provided, including the identification of various forms of cognitive biases, and the design of extractive approaches that minimize these biases. Under the governance perspective, collaboration is seen as an intellectual partnership between fishers, scientists and managers, in contrast to cooperative activities in which fishers assist in the execution of particular tasks but have no significant intellectual contribution. We discuss merits and limitations of the extractive and collaborative modes for the engagement of FK and illustrate them with a selection of examples from artisanal and industrial fisheries, mostly from the Americas. Finally, we highlight guidelines for the success of collaborative action derived from the cumulative experience from a number of projects, and emphasize the importance of the institutional context within which FK is communicated and used in assessment and management. Institutional ambits for collaboration need to be established at multiple scales, from the local scale of the fishing communities to the regional scale at which strategic management issues are addressed.El conocimiento de los pescadores (CP) es pertinente a todos los componentes de una pesquería, concebida ésta como sistema socio-ecológico: los recursos-objetivo y los ecosistemas de los que forman parte, el proceso de pesca, y los subsistemas social, cultural económico y de gobernanza. Aquí consideramos el CP desde dos perspectivas diferentes: utilidad y gobernanza. La primera se focaliza en el contenido y valor del CP; la segunda enfatiza el role de los pescadores en los procesos de evaluación y manejo. Bajo la perspectiva utilitaria, los pescadores son proveedores de información. La evaluación de la confiabilidad de la información provista, incluyendo la identificación de varios tipos de sesgo cognitivo, y el diseño de metodologías que minimicen esos sesgos son aspectos críticos de la perspectiva utilitaria. Bajo la perspectiva de gobernanza, la colaboración es entendida como una asociación intelectual entre pescadores, científicos y administradores, en contraste con las actividades cooperativas en las que los pescadores asisten en la ejecución de tareas particulares pero no tienen una contribución intelectual significativa. En este documento discutimos los méritos y limitaciones de los dos modos de involucrar a los pescadores en la evaluación y el manejo –como proveedores de información y como colaboradores- y los ilustramos con una selección de ejemplos, primariamente de las Américas. Finalmente, resaltamos algunas pautas para el éxito de acciones colaborativas, derivadas de la experiencia acumulada en un número de proyectos, enfatizando la importancia del contexto institucional dentro del cual el CP es comunicado y utilizado en la evaluación y el manejo. Los ámbitos institucionales para la colaboración deben ser establecidos a múltiples escalas, desde la escala local de las comunidades pesqueras hasta la escala regional a la cual se consideran los aspectos estratégicos del manejo.Fil: Orensanz, Jose Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Parma, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Cinti, Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin

Contraction of the geographic range of distribution of snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) in the eastern Bering Sea: An environmental ratchet?

Over the last three decades the geographic range of distribution of snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) from the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) has contracted dramatically to the north. An increase in near-bottom temperature (NBT) during 1975–1979 was accompanied by a northward contraction of the cold pool (bound by the 2°C NBT isotherm) that extends over the Middle Domain during the summer. Warming was tracked with a 6-year lag by a contraction to the north of the mature female's range. Snow crab settle and grow to maturity in the Middle Domain. Successful recruitment during cold regimes may result from the occurrence of spring blooms and the stenothermy of early benthic instars. However, recruitment to the mature female population did not expand back to the southern shelf after the mid-1990s, despite some years when NBT was low. Cross-correlation of year-to-year shifts in geographic distribution of cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and immature snow crab during the 1990s suggests that the northward expansions of cod controlled the southern boundary of snow crab’s distribution range. Reestablishment of crab populations in the south may be hindered by cod predation. Also, because spawning females are now located “up-current,” advection of larvae to the south is unlikely. Contraction to the north may not be followed by an expansion back to the south after a change in regime. We refer to this suggested asymmetry as the environmental ratchet hypothesis and discuss it in the context of other conceptual models of the EBS ecosystem.Fil: Orensanz, Jose Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ernest, Billy. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Armstrong, David A.. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Stabeno, Phyllis. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Livingston, Pat. National Ocean And Atmospheric Administration. Alaska Fisheries Science Center; Estados Unido

Fluctuations in range and abundance of snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) from the eastern Bering Sea: What role for Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) predation?

Fluctuations in abundance of commercially valuable crustacean stocks in sub-Arctic ecosystems have been variously attributed to the effects of climatic forcing, fishing pressure, and predation, mostly by gadoid fishes. Landings of snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio (J. C. Fabricius, 1788), from the eastern Bering Sea declined after the early 1990s, reaching historical lows a decade later. At the same time, two phenomena became apparent in the dynamics of the primiparae (first-time female breeders): their geographic range contracted to the northwest along the middle shelf (50–100 m depth), and the contraction was punctuated by periodic recruitment to the mature female pool, with a period of approximately 7 yrs and declining amplitude. The first phenomenon has been addressed by the environmental ratchet hypothesis, which attributes the contraction to a combination of an ontogenetic female migration, circulation patterns, the spatial dynamics of benthic stages in relation to near-bottom temperature, and predation by Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius, 1810. Mortality due to cod predation in the Middle Domain, apparently related to near-bottom temperature, increased after 1995, contributing to the ratchet effect and the disappearance of periodic pulses of primipara abundance. Cod predation does not, however, appear to have controlled the frequency of periodic recruitment fluctuations. On the other hand, amplitude of fluctuations of primipara abundance in the Middle Domain, purportedly the "engine" of renewal of this stock, do appear to be affected by both predation and climate, whose interaction is complex but perhaps interpretable.Fil: Burgos, Julian. Marine Research Institute; IslandiaFil: Ernst, Billy. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Armstrong, David. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Orensanz, Jose Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin

Distinctness, phylogenetic relations and biogeography of intertidal mussels (Brachidontes, Mytilidae) from the south-western Atlantic

Rocky shore intertidal communities along the cold- and warm-temperate coasts of the south-western Atlantic are dominated by small mussels of the genus Brachidontes s.l. (Mytilidae), yet the status of species occurring in the region remains unresolved. Taxonomic studies have been based on shell morphology, but high phenotypic variability has led to much confusion. Based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes (COI, 28S rDNA and ITS1) from nine localities in Uruguay and Argentina we confirmed the occurrence of three species in the south-western Atlantic: Brachidontes darwinianus and B. rodriguezii in the warmtemperate and B. purpuratus in the cold-temperate sector. The latter two species coexist in the same beds along the transition zone (41?438S). The phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes, indicate an early divergence of B. purpuratus. At the intra-specific level, low genetic differentiation and absence of fossil record for B. purpuratus from the earlier Quaternary marine terraces of Patagonia likely result from a relatively recent (post-LGM) colonization originated from populations in the southeastern Pacific. In the case of B. rodriguezii, by contrast, genetic intraspecific differentiation, a fossil record of phenotypically-related forms going back to the Late Miocene, and phylogenetic position in the COI-based phylogeny, prompts the hypothesis that this species is derived from a local stock with a long history of occurrence in the warm-temperate region of the south-western Atlantic. While intertidal mussel beds from the south-western Atlantic are ecologically similar in appearance, their assembly involves components clearly differentiated in terms of historical biogeography and phylogeny.Fil: Trovant, Berenice. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Ruzzante, Daniel E.. Dalhousie University Halifax. Department Of Biology. Marine Conservation Genetics; CanadáFil: Basso, Nestor Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Orensanz, Jose Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin

Rapid expansion and potential range of the invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida in the southwestern Atlantic

Coastal Patagonia, often regarded as a pristine confine of the world ocean, has been invaded by non-indigenous species that are rapidly modifying local ecosystems. One of the most conspicuous invaders is the kelp Undaria pinnatifida. First recorded near the city of Puerto Madryn (Argentina, 42.75°S) in 1992, during the last 15 years its range spread more than five degrees of latitude to the south. By 2007 it was first detected north of Valdes Península (a natural barrier), beginning its northward expansion, and between 2007 and 2011 spread along the coasts of San José and San Matías gulfs at an average rate of ~50 km yr-1. A small population was detected in Mar del Plata (Argentina, 38.04°S) in 2011, more than three degrees of latitude to the north, suggesting a new human-mediated inoculation. Based on experimental information and remotely sensed sea-surface temperature (SST) at the latitudinal range limits of U. pinnatifida populations worldwide, we hypothesize a thermal tolerance window between -0.6 °C and 16.8 °C average SST in the coldest month, and between 20 °C and 28 °C in the warmest month. Using climatologic satellite SST from several locations, we predict a potential latitudinal thermal range extending between Puerto Deseado (Argentina, 47.75°S) and Torres (Brazil; 29.35°S). Salinity and substrate quality however constrain suitable habitat in the southwestern Atlantic to discrete stretches of coastline, suggesting that the northern potential boundary would be around La Coronilla (33.90°S), on the Uruguayan littoral.Fil: Dellatorre, Fernando Gaspar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Amoroso, Ricardo Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Saravia, José. Provincia del Chubut. Ministerio de Desarrollo Territorial y Sectores Productivos; ArgentinaFil: Orensanz, Jose Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin

Acoustic signals and behaviour of Ovalipes trimaculatus in the context of reproduction

This study focused on the acoustic behaviour of the paddle crab Ovalipes trimaculatus (De Haan, 1833) in relation to its reproductive status and behaviour. Paired males and females (demonstrating pre-copulatory behaviour) as well as solitary animals were collected a few hundred metres from the coast of Puerto Madryn (Patagonia, Argentina) and kept in indoor tanks.Synchronized acoustic and video monitoring systems were used to record the acoustic signals and other behaviours of single and grouped specimens in an experimental tank. Acoustic data were analysed to characterize crab sounds (duration, pulse number and pulse rate, 1st and 2nd peaks in frequency, amplitude of the frequency peaks and bandwidth) and were counted as behavioural events. Video data were analysed to count behavioural events (i.e. agonistic fight, chela spread)and determine status (locomotor indices, inter-crab distance). O. trimaculatus produced wide frequency band multi-pulse signals with significant differences between males and females: males showed a lower 1st peak in frequency, with a higher amplitude and a higher bandwidth. The sound emission rate was significantly higher in grouped animals than in single individuals. The sound emissions were not accidental events correlated with locomotor activities. In the trials involving pre-copulatory females, the total number of sounds was significantly higher comparedto the trials with non-copulatory (control) females, and the sounds were not correlated with the agonistic events between males. Our data indicate that in O. trimaculatus sound emissions play a role in intraspecific communication related to sexual attraction.Fil: Buscaino, G.. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. L; ItaliaFil: Gavio, Maria Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Galvan, David Edgardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Filiciotto, F.. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. L; ItaliaFil: Maccarrone, V.. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. L; ItaliaFil: de Vincenz, G.. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. L; ItaliaFil: Mazzola, S.. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. L; ItaliaFil: Orensanz, Jose Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin

Successful experiment?: on Chile’s experience with territorial use rights in fisheries

Chile’s experience with territorial use rights in fi sheries shows their potential for the management of coastal resources, provided some simple safeguards are put in place.Fil: Orensanz, Jose Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Parma, Ana María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin

Glyceriformia Fauchald, 1977 (Annelida: “Polychaeta”) from the SW Atlantic Shelf, between 30º and 45º S

We document the presence of 14 species (seven Glyceridae and seven Goniadidae) in the transitional zone between warm and cold temperate domains of the southwestern Atlantic (30º-45º S). This doubles the number of species known to occur in the region and upgrades previous records, many of them unreliable. Glycinde henningi sp. nov. is herein described as new to science. Illustrated descriptions and identification keys are presented for the glyceriform taxa from the region. Ten of the species are asociatedwith warm-temperated, and two with cold or cold-temperate waters; the remaining two are eclectically distributed in temperate waters. Nine of the species occur in the northwestern and southwestern Atlantic, with an apparent distributional gap in the tropics, consistently with what has been observed in other groups of marine organisms.Fil: Böggemann, Markus. Universidad de Osnabrück.; AlemaniaFil: Orensanz, Jose Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentin