Técnicas de secuenciación masiva aplicadas a la viticultura

Los viñedos son reservorios naturales de diversidad biológica. La diversidad encontrada en los suelos de viñedos es determinante no solo por las propiedades físico-químicas y nutricionales del suelo, sino también por la salud, el rendimiento y la calidad de la uva. El principal inconveniente que encontramos en los cultivos de vid y especialmente en plantaciones de viñedo joven son las enfermedades fúngicas de madera que afectan de manera importante al cultivo de la vid. Las plantas infectadas muestran alteraciones internas en la madera como necrosis y pudriciones, dando lugar a un menor desarrollo de la planta e incluso la muerte. Actualmente, se utilizan diversos productos fitosanitarios de origen químico para combatir dichas enfermedades, lo cuales pueden no ser inocuos y cuando entran en la cadena alimentaria originar alteraciones en la salud humana. Además, según el tipo de agricultura, estarán o no autorizados para su empleo. En su lugar, se pueden utilizar medidas de control biológico caracterizado por el uso de microorganismos para combatir los distintos agentes que causan las enfermedades derivador de la información obtenida al utilizar técnicas moleculares basadas en el análisis del ADN. Estas técnicas permitirán detectar de una forma precisa y precoz la presencia/ausencia de microorganismos en suelos vitícolas y en la cepa en sí para, posteriormente, tomar medidas acordes respetando en todo momento el cultivo. Por ello, la presente revisión bibliográfica analiza las nuevas tecnologías utilizadas para la detección, identificación y caracterización de microorganismos, mediante el empleo de técnicas moleculares (PCR y sus derivadas y secuenciación) en casos particulares o en enfermedades fúngicas relevantes en el viñedo.Grado en Enologí

Melhoria na Atenção ao Pré-Natal e Puerpério na Unidade de Saúde Formosa, Matias Olímpio/PI

Frometa Ordunez, Dianella. Melhoria na Atenção ao Pré-natal e Puerpério na Unidade de Saúde Formosa, Matias Olimpo/PI 2015. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Família) - Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, 2015. O presente trabalho trata de uma intervenção que atendeu as gestantes e puérperas da área de abrangência da unidade básica de Formosa no interior do município Matias Olímpio, PI. Realizamos uma avaliação e decidimos que o mais importante no momento era melhorar a qualidade de vida de saúde da mulher, proporcionar mudanças no estilo de vida, garantindo condições necessárias para um desenvolvimento satisfatório da gravidez oferecendo a oportunidade de ter um recém-nascido saudável e uma ótima qualidade de vida para ambos, além de apresentar propostas que auxiliem na redução da morbimortalidade na gravidez e puerpério. O trabalho teve como objetivo melhorar a atenção ao pré-natal e puerpério na Unidade Básica de Saúde de Formosa, sendo desenvolvido num período de doze semanas, e participaram do estudo todas as gestantes e puérperas da área de abrangência cadastradas no programa de Pré-Natal e puerpério da unidade básica de saúde. A investigação se apoia a partir de indicações do Protocolo de Pré-Natal e Puerpério do Ministério da Saúde (2006) e revisão de outras bibliografias científicas, também foram usados como instrumentos de avaliação, propostos pelo Ministério de Saúde, tendo acesso a fontes de informação os prontuários, as caderneta de gestantes, as ficha de acompanhamento/espelho de pré-natal e puerpério, as ficha de avaliação do risco pré-natal pela rede de cegonha e o cadastro familiar. Os dados se registraram numa ficha de coleta de dados do pré-natal e o puerpério, criada pela equipe de saúde. O trabalho demostrou que a gestação e período puerperal são um momento especial para a mulher e o fortalecimento de vínculos entre equipe e família, entre diferentes famílias da comunidade e, principalmente, do vínculo entre os pais e o futuro bebê, condição fundamental para o desenvolvimento saudável de qualquer criança. Deve-se destacar o impacto do envolvimento da comunidade e fortalecimento das lideranças na implementação e sustentabilidade do programa, a melhora e fortalecimento do trabalho em equipe multiprofissional e a humanização da assistência medica à população alvo. Palavras-chave: atenção primária à saúde; saúde da família; gravidez de baixo risco e puerpério; cuidados primários da gravida e puérpera; saúde da mulher

Reducing the cardiovascular disease burden for people of all ages in the Americas region: Analysis of mortality data, 2000–15

Background: In accordance with the age parameters specified in Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4, current policy and monitoring of non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality trends focus on people aged 30–69 years. This approach excludes the majority of NCD deaths, which occur at older ages. We aimed to compare cardiovascular mortality for different age groups in the WHO Region of the Americas. Methods: We extracted mortality data from the Pan American Health Organization regional mortality database for 36 countries for the period 2000 to 2015. We calculated age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs) from cardiovascular diseases for different age groups for these countries. Joinpoint regression models were used to estimate mortality trends, providing estimates of the average annual percentage change for the period 2000–15. Findings: Individuals aged 70 years or older accounted for the majority of cardiovascular disease deaths in all countries (range 52–82%). Considerable variation in cardiovascular deaths was observed between countries for all age categories. Between 2000 and 2015, in most countries, the largest reductions in ASMR were observed in the older age groups (aged ≥70 years). The total number of regional cardiovascular disease deaths that hypothetically could have been averted in 2015 for people aged 30–79 years was 440 777, of which 211 365 (48%) occurred among people aged 70–79 years. Interpretation: Data for the WHO Region of the Americas are sufficiently robust to permit comparative analysis of cardiovascular disease mortality trends for people aged 70 years and older over time and across countries. Although the reduction of cardiovascular disease mortality in individuals aged 30–69 years is a valid policy goal for the Americas region, this objective should be expanded to include people at older ages. Funding: None

FármacoSoft: an educational software for teaching Clinical Pharmacology

Introduction: Educational softwares refer to computer applications or programs used as teaching support materials; they are a valuable and essential tool. Objective: to develop an educational software to support the teaching-learning process for Clinical Pharmacology in Medical Sciences. Method: a technological development research was carried out at the branch of the Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Guantánamo in Baracoa, from September to December 2020. To support the study five stages were taken into account: the first stage took into account the search and collection of information. In the second stage, the information collected, the images digitized and printed texts were processed. In the third stage, the product was designed based on the information obtained and according to the possibilities of the platform used for the creation of the software. In the fourth stage, the computer tools to be used were selected and the software was created. In the fifth stage, the design of the educational software was evaluated. The average and standard deviation were used to process the outcomes. Results: the computer design indicators obtained high scores, which evidences the concordance of criteria among the experts. Conclusions: the product obtained is useful to support the educational teaching process and contains the exercise of knowledge applicable to this level. It is a teaching material to guarantee the continuity for teaching activity in the Clinical Pharmacology subject during the epidemiological contingency

Triagem auditiva universal em recém-nascidos na província de Guantánamo, 2020-2021

Introduction: universal neonatal hearing screening is a test that enables to identify or suspect hearing loss, performed via habilitation or rehabilitation plan. Objective: determine the coverage of universal hearing screening in the epidemiological context of COVID-19 in Guantánamo province, during the period of march 2020 to march 2021. Method: a descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 5 999 newborns (as Universe) were involved in the study. Variables used were as follow: sex, newborns with or without risk factors, and otoacoustic emissions, which outcomes allowed for the evaluation of universal hearing screening coverage. The standard indicator (95%) and the time at which the first otoacoustic emissions were made were defined. The percentage of newborns detected before one month of life was established as indicator.Results: the 51.1% of the 5 999 newborns were male and 48.3% were female. The 100% of newborns (5 838) without risk factors underwent to the first examination, meanwhile, among those with risk factors (151 newborns) 0.2% (10) could not be tested. Screening of newborns without factors occurred between 1 and 3 days after birth. Screening was never performed after 30 days of birth in those who presented risk factors. Coverage was 99.8% and the reference rate was 0.2%. Conclusions: Universal Hearing Screening Program application in the context of COVID-19 pandemic in Guantanamo province shows a fulfillment in the coverage indicator.Introducción: el pesquisaje auditivo neonatal es la evaluación que permite detectar o sospechar pérdidas auditivas, abordándose mediante un plan de habilitación o rehabilitación.Objetivo: determinar la cobertura del pesquisaje auditivo universal en la provincia de Guantánamo, en el contexto epidemiológico de la COVID-19, durante el periodo marzo 2020 a marzo 2021. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y de corte transversal. El universo estuvo constituido por 5 999 recién nacidos vivos. Las variables estudiadas fueron: sexo, recién nacidos con y sin factores de riesgo, y las emisiones otoacústicas, cuyos resultados permitieron la evaluación de cobertura. Se definió el indicador estándar (95 %) y el tiempo en que se realizó las primeras emisiones otoacústicas. Se estableció como indicador el porcentaje de recién nacidos pesquisados antes de un mes de vida.Resultados: de los 5 999 nacimientos, el 51,7 % correspondió al sexo masculino y el 48,3 perteneció al sexo femenino. Al 100 % de los recién nacidos sin factores de riesgo (5 838) se les realizó la primera exploración, mientras que a aquellos con factores de riesgo (151) no se les pudo realizar al 0,2 % (10). La pesquisa de los recién nacidos sin factores ocurrió entre 1 y 3 días de nacidos. Nunca se realizaron pesquisas después de los 30 días de nacido en los que presentaron factores de riesgo. La cobertura fue de 99,8 % y el índice de referencia de 0,2 %.Conclusiones: el Programa de Pesquisaje Auditivo Universal en la provincia de Guantánamo en el contexto de la COVID-19 muestra cumplimiento en el indicador de cobertura.Introdução: a triagem auditiva neonatal é a avaliação para detectar ou suspeitar de perda auditiva, que é abordada por um plano de habilitação ou reabilitação. Objetivo: determinar a cobertura da triagem auditiva universal na província de Guantánamo, no contexto epidemiológico da COVID-19, durante o período de março de 2020 a março de 2021. Método: foi realizado um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, transversal. O universo consistia de 5 999 recém-nascidos vivos. As variáveis estudadas foram: sexo, recém-nascidos com e sem fatores de risco, e emissões otoacústicas, cujos resultados permitiram a avaliação da cobertura. O indicador padrão (95%) e o momento em que as primeiras emissões otoacústicas foram feitas foram definidos. O indicador foi definido como a porcentagem de recém-nascidos examinados antes de um mês de idade. Resultados: dos 5 999 nascimentos, 51,7% eram homens e 48,3% eram mulheres. 100% dos bebês sem fatores de risco (5.838) foram examinados pela primeira vez, enquanto aqueles com fatores de risco (151) não puderam ser rastreados por 0,2% (10). A triagem de recém-nascidos sem fatores de risco ocorreu entre 1 e 3 dias após o nascimento. A triagem nunca foi realizada após 30 dias de nascimento naqueles com fatores de risco. A cobertura foi de 99,8% e a taxa de base foi de 0,2%. Conclusões: o Programa Universal de Triagem Auditiva na província de Guantánamo no contexto da COVID-19 mostra a conformidade com o indicador de cobertura

FármacoSoft: software educativo para la enseñanza de Farmacología Clínica

Introducción: los softwares educativos son aplicaciones o programas de computación que se utilizan como materiales de apoyo a la docencia; constituyen una herramienta valiosa e imprescindible. Objetivo: elaborar un software educativo para apoyar el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la Farmacología Clínica en las Ciencias Médicas. Método: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo tecnológico en la Filial de Ciencias Médicas de Baracoa desde septiembre hasta diciembre de 2020. Para la realización del estudio se tuvieron en cuenta las siguientes etapas: en la primera etapa se tuvo en cuenta la búsqueda y recopilación de información. En la segunda etapa se realizó el procesamiento de la información recopilada, así como la digitalización de imágenes y textos impresos. En la tercera etapa se diseñó el producto a partir de la información obtenida y acorde a las posibilidades   de   la   plataforma  utilizada para la creación del software. En la cuarta etapa se seleccionaron las herramientas informáticas a utilizar y creación del software. En la quinta etapa se evaluó el diseño informático del software educativo.  Para el procesamiento de los resultados se utilizaron el promedio y la desviación estándar. Resultado: los indicadores de diseño informático obtuvieron elevadas calificaciones lo que evidencia la concordancia de criterios entre los expertos. Conclusiones: el producto informático obtenido es útil para respaldar el proceso docente educativo y contiene la ejercitación de los conocimientos aplicables a este nivel. Es un material docente para garantizar la continuidad de la actividad docente en la asignatura Farmacología Clínica durante la contingencia epidemiológica

El método del caso en la enseñanza del Derecho Mercantil (II): Derecho de sociedades

Depto. de Derecho Mercantil, Financiero y TributarioFac. de DerechoFALSEsubmitte

Low utilization of health care services following screening for hypertension in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania): a prospective population-based study

Drug therapy in high-risk individuals has been advocated as an important strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease in low income countries. We determined, in a low-income urban population, the proportion of persons who utilized health services after having been diagnosed as hypertensive and advised to seek health care for further hypertension management. A population-based survey of 9254 persons aged 25-64 years was conducted in Dar es Salaam. Among the 540 persons with high blood pressure (defined here as BP >or= 160/95 mmHg) at the initial contact, 253 (47%) had high BP on a 4th visit 45 days later. Among them, 208 were untreated and advised to attend health care in a health center of their choice for further management of their hypertension. One year later, 161 were seen again and asked about their use of health services during the interval. Among the 161 hypertensive persons advised to seek health care, 34% reported to have attended a formal health care provider during the 12-month interval (63% public facility; 30% private; 7% both). Antihypertensive treatment was taken by 34% at some point of time (suggesting poor uptake of health services) and 3% at the end of the 12-month follow-up (suggesting poor long-term compliance). Health services utilization tended to be associated with older age, previous history of high BP, being overweight and non-smoking, but not with education or wealth. Lack of symptoms and cost of treatment were the reasons reported most often for not attending health care. Low utilization of health services after hypertension screening suggests a small impact of a patient-centered screen-and-treat strategy in this low-income population. These findings emphasize the need to identify and address barriers to health care utilization for non-communicable diseases in this setting and, indirectly, the importance of public health measures for primary prevention of these diseases

The epidemiology of renal replacement therapy in two different parts of the worldThe Latin American Dialysis and Transplant Registry versus the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association Registry

Publisher Copyright: © 2018 Pan American Health Organization. All rights reserved.Objective: To compare the epidemiology of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Latin America and Europe, as well as to study differences in macro-economic indicators, demographic and clinical patient characteristics, mortality rates, and causes of death between these two populations. Methods: We used data from 20 Latin American and 49 European national and subnational renal registries that had provided data to the Latin American Dialysis and Renal Transplant Registry (RLADTR) and the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry, respectively. The incidence and prevalence of RRT in 2013 were calculated per million population (pmp), overall and by subcategories of age, sex, primary renal disease, and treatment modality. The correlation between gross domestic product and the prevalence of RRT was analyzed using linear regression. Trends in the prevalence of RRT between 2004 and 2013 were assessed using Joinpoint regression analysis. Results: In 2013, the overall incidence at day 91 after the onset of RRT was 181 pmp for Latin American countries and 130 pmp for European countries. The overall prevalence was 660 pmp for Latin America and 782 pmp for Europe. In the Latin American countries, the annual increase in the prevalence averaged 4.0% (95% confdence interval (CI): 2.5%-5.6%) from 2004 to 2013, while the European countries showed an average annual increase of 2.2% (95% CI: 2.0%-2.4%) for the same time period. The crude mortality rate was higher in Latin America than in Europe (112 versus 100 deaths per 1 000 patient-years), and cardiovascular disease was the main cause of death in both of those regions. Conclusions. There are considerable differences between Latin America and Europe in the epidemiology of RRT for ESRD. Further research is needed to explore the reasons for these differences.Peer reviewe

REFLECTIONS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERIOR EXISTANCE

It seems to be a principle of the nature in which all entity tends to evolve in one way or another; this is especially true in all human being that has been endowed with abilities that allow it to successfully achieve this end. The concepts of conscious, consciousness and evolution are reviewed and, the ideas on the dualistic formation of the human being and of its capacity to increase the qualities that it possesses for its own benefit. A procedure is visualizing by means of which, all individual is getting conscientious states of more and more refinement each time. Some individuals reach high levels of consciousness up of the rest of the community of its residence. It is said they transcend. Finally, some reflections are elaborated in regarding to the way those excellent consciences might modify, or might tend to modify, the consciousness of their community