The influence of hay steaming on clinical signs and airway immune response in severe asthmatic horses

ackground Avoidance of antigenic stimuli was found to significantly reverse airway obstruction of horses with severe equine asthma (sEA). To date, no published study investigated the influence of steaming hay on lower airway condition of sEA-affected horses. The objectives were to determine the clinical, cytological and cytokine respiratory responses of both sEA and control (CTL) horses experimentally exposed to steamed or dry hay. Results A cohort of 6 sEA horses and 6 CTL horses was involved in this field study. On day 0, both groups were fed with steamed hay for 5 consecutive days, followed by a wash-out period of 26 days prior to be fed with dry hay for 5 consecutive days. Investigations performed 2 days prior to and 5 days after each challenge included clinical score, tracheal mucus accumulation, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and cytokine mRNA expression. Feeding steamed hay significantly decreased its mould content (P < 0.001). Mucus score significantly increased when feeding dry hay (P = 0.01). No significant influence of challenge type was found on clinical score. Percentages of neutrophils (P < 0.001) as well as mRNA expression of IL-1β (P = 0.024), IL-6R (P = 0.021), IL-18 (P = 0.009) and IL-23 (P = 0.036) in BALF of sEA affected horses were significantly increased after both (steamed and dry hay) challenges. Relative mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6R and IL-23 in BALF were also significantly correlated to neutrophil percentages and both clinical and tracheal mucus score. Conclusions Steaming significantly decreased mould content but inconsistently influenced the respiratory response of sEA affected horses when fed hay. Based on BALF cytology and cytokine profiles, its relevance might be controversial as a non-medicinal therapy for sEA-affected horses

Influence du foin "à la vapeur" sur la réponse immune de chevaux asthmatiques : du challenge d'exposition (in vivo) à la stimulation (in vitro) des macrophages alvéolaires.

Equine asthma is a recurrent obstructive disease of respiratory tract. Several aetiologic factors are known to induceor maintain the severe equine asthma (sEA), however the hay exposure is the main risk factor. The use of treatmentswith corticoids are effective in case of crisis, but ineffective in the absence of sanitary measures. So, since severalyears a device allowing to purify the hay with steam was developed, in order to decrease the dust content and themicrobiological antigens within the hay. The pathophysiology of sEA is complex. Among the main actors of thisimmune response, the alveolar macrophages have an important role in the intiatiation and orientation of the immuneresponse. So, investigating the role of the equine alveolar macrophages of sEA horses would allow to betterunderstand the initiation of the immune response in the sEA. In this context, we focused on the influence of steamedhay on the immune response of sEA horses during an in vivo challenge and an in vitro stimulation of the alveolarmacrophages. First, we studied the systematic and local responses of horses submitted to an in vivo challengeexposure to dry and steamed hay. The first part of this work allowed us to show a beneficial effect of the steamedhay on the mucus tracheal score of sEA horses, however we did not observe any beneficial effect of the steamed hayon the cytological and immune response. The second part of the study allowed us to investigate the response of thealveolar macrophages to steamed hay. The real time microscopy showed differences in the behavior of macrophagesin response (1) to various stimuli, (2) between sEA and CTL horses (3) between HDS resulting from dry hay or fromsteamed hay. Moreover, the protein quantification of IL-1β was signifantly higher and the concentration of IL-10significantly lower in AM supernatant of sEA horses compared to CTL. The TNF-α concentration was higher on AMafter in vitro stimulation in sEA and CTL horses. These results on the alveolar macrophages reponse after both invivo challenge and in vitro stimulation, can be used as a basis for future studies in order to further characterize therole of AM in case of sEA. This triple approach on the horse, the lung and the cell scale allows a global vision of theresponse to an exposure challenge to dry or steamed hay and allows having an optimistic preliminary look on the useof the steamed hay for sEA horses.L’asthme équin est une maladie obstructive récurrente des voies respiratoires. De nombreux facteurs étiologiques ontété déterminés comme pouvant initier ou maintenir l’asthme équin sévère (AES), cependant l’exposition au foin restele facteur de risque principal. L’utilisation de traitements à base de corticoïdes sont efficaces en cas de crise maisinefficaces en l’absence de mesures sanitaires. Ainsi, depuis quelques années un dispositif permettant de « purifier »le foin à la vapeur a été développé, afin de diminuer la teneur en poussières et les antigènes microbiologiques présentsdans le foin. La physiopathologie de l’AES est complexe. Parmi les principaux acteurs de cette réponse immunitaire,les macrophages alvéolaires ont un rôle prédominant dans l’initiation et l’orientation de la réponse immunitaire. Ainsiétudier le rôle des macrophages des chevaux AES permettrait de mieux comprendre l’initiation de la réponseimmunitaire dans l’AES. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes interrogés sur l’influence du foin « à la vapeur » surla réponse immunitaire des chevaux AES lors d’un challenge in vivo et lors de la stimulation in vitro des macrophagesalvéolaires. Ainsi nous avons d’abord étudié la réponse systémique et locale des chevaux soumis à un challenged’exposition in vivo à du foin sec ou « à la vapeur ». La première partie de ce travail nous a permis d’observer uneffet bénéfique du foin « à la vapeur » sur le score de mucus trachéal des chevaux CTL et AES cependant nousn’avons pas observé un effet bénéfique significatif du foin « à la vapeur » sur la réponse cytologique et immunitaire.La deuxième partie du travail a permis d’étudier la réponse au foin « à la vapeur » à l’échelle des macrophagesalvéolaires. La microscopie en temps réel a mis en évidence des différences dans le comportement des macrophagesen réponse (1) à différents stimuli, (2) entre les chevaux AES et CTL, (3) entre les HDS provenant de foin sec ou defoin « à la vapeur ». La concentration en IL-1β était significativement plus élevée et la concentration en IL-10significativement plus faible chez les MA des chevaux AES comparés aux chevaux CTL. Une concentration en TNF-α plus élevée après stimulation in vitro a été observée chez les MA des chevaux AES et CTL. Cet état des lieux surla réponse des macrophages alvéolaires stimulés in vivo et in vitro pourra servir de base aux études futures nécessairespour conclure sur le rôle des MA dans le cas de l’AES. Cette triple approche à l’échelle du cheval, du poumon et dela cellule permet une vision globale de la réponse à un challenge d’exposition à du foin sec ou « à la vapeur » etpermet tout de même d’avoir un regard optimiste sur l’utilisation du foin « à la vapeur » pour les chevaux atteintsd’AES

Influence of steamed hay on immune response in asthmatic horses : from in vivo challenge to in vitro stimulation of alveolar macrophages

L’asthme équin est une maladie obstructive récurrente des voies respiratoires. De nombreux facteurs étiologiques ontété déterminés comme pouvant initier ou maintenir l’asthme équin sévère (AES), cependant l’exposition au foin restele facteur de risque principal. L’utilisation de traitements à base de corticoïdes sont efficaces en cas de crise maisinefficaces en l’absence de mesures sanitaires. Ainsi, depuis quelques années un dispositif permettant de « purifier »le foin à la vapeur a été développé, afin de diminuer la teneur en poussières et les antigènes microbiologiques présentsdans le foin. La physiopathologie de l’AES est complexe. Parmi les principaux acteurs de cette réponse immunitaire,les macrophages alvéolaires ont un rôle prédominant dans l’initiation et l’orientation de la réponse immunitaire. Ainsiétudier le rôle des macrophages des chevaux AES permettrait de mieux comprendre l’initiation de la réponseimmunitaire dans l’AES. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes interrogés sur l’influence du foin « à la vapeur » surla réponse immunitaire des chevaux AES lors d’un challenge in vivo et lors de la stimulation in vitro des macrophagesalvéolaires. Ainsi nous avons d’abord étudié la réponse systémique et locale des chevaux soumis à un challenged’exposition in vivo à du foin sec ou « à la vapeur ». La première partie de ce travail nous a permis d’observer uneffet bénéfique du foin « à la vapeur » sur le score de mucus trachéal des chevaux CTL et AES cependant nousn’avons pas observé un effet bénéfique significatif du foin « à la vapeur » sur la réponse cytologique et immunitaire.La deuxième partie du travail a permis d’étudier la réponse au foin « à la vapeur » à l’échelle des macrophagesalvéolaires. La microscopie en temps réel a mis en évidence des différences dans le comportement des macrophagesen réponse (1) à différents stimuli, (2) entre les chevaux AES et CTL, (3) entre les HDS provenant de foin sec ou defoin « à la vapeur ». La concentration en IL-1β était significativement plus élevée et la concentration en IL-10significativement plus faible chez les MA des chevaux AES comparés aux chevaux CTL. Une concentration en TNF-α plus élevée après stimulation in vitro a été observée chez les MA des chevaux AES et CTL. Cet état des lieux surla réponse des macrophages alvéolaires stimulés in vivo et in vitro pourra servir de base aux études futures nécessairespour conclure sur le rôle des MA dans le cas de l’AES. Cette triple approche à l’échelle du cheval, du poumon et dela cellule permet une vision globale de la réponse à un challenge d’exposition à du foin sec ou « à la vapeur » etpermet tout de même d’avoir un regard optimiste sur l’utilisation du foin « à la vapeur » pour les chevaux atteintsd’AES.Equine asthma is a recurrent obstructive disease of respiratory tract. Several aetiologic factors are known to induceor maintain the severe equine asthma (sEA), however the hay exposure is the main risk factor. The use of treatmentswith corticoids are effective in case of crisis, but ineffective in the absence of sanitary measures. So, since severalyears a device allowing to purify the hay with steam was developed, in order to decrease the dust content and themicrobiological antigens within the hay. The pathophysiology of sEA is complex. Among the main actors of thisimmune response, the alveolar macrophages have an important role in the intiatiation and orientation of the immuneresponse. So, investigating the role of the equine alveolar macrophages of sEA horses would allow to betterunderstand the initiation of the immune response in the sEA. In this context, we focused on the influence of steamedhay on the immune response of sEA horses during an in vivo challenge and an in vitro stimulation of the alveolarmacrophages. First, we studied the systematic and local responses of horses submitted to an in vivo challengeexposure to dry and steamed hay. The first part of this work allowed us to show a beneficial effect of the steamedhay on the mucus tracheal score of sEA horses, however we did not observe any beneficial effect of the steamed hayon the cytological and immune response. The second part of the study allowed us to investigate the response of thealveolar macrophages to steamed hay. The real time microscopy showed differences in the behavior of macrophagesin response (1) to various stimuli, (2) between sEA and CTL horses (3) between HDS resulting from dry hay or fromsteamed hay. Moreover, the protein quantification of IL-1β was signifantly higher and the concentration of IL-10significantly lower in AM supernatant of sEA horses compared to CTL. The TNF-α concentration was higher on AMafter in vitro stimulation in sEA and CTL horses. These results on the alveolar macrophages reponse after both invivo challenge and in vitro stimulation, can be used as a basis for future studies in order to further characterize therole of AM in case of sEA. This triple approach on the horse, the lung and the cell scale allows a global vision of theresponse to an exposure challenge to dry or steamed hay and allows having an optimistic preliminary look on the useof the steamed hay for sEA horses

Effect of bronchoalveolar lavage volume on cytological results and subsequent IAD diagnosis.

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Effect of bronchoalveolar lavage volume on cytological results and subsequent IAD diagnosis.

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Asymmetrical Pulmonary Cytokine Profiles Are Linked to Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology of Horses With Mild Airway Neutrophilia: BALF Cytokines of Asthmatic Horses

International audienceFew data on cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) are available for racehorses with mild/moderate equine asthma (EA); cytological diagnosis being most frequently made from only one lung. The purpose of the study was to compare cytokine mRNA expressions and protein concentrations in BALF from both lungs. As part of a larger study, 250 ml saline was randomly instilled in one lung and 500 ml in the contralateral lung of 30 clinically healthy Standardbred racehorses. This procedure was repeated 72h later, inversing the volume per lung. Cytological cut-off values for diagnosis of mild EA was neutrophils proportions > 10% when instilling 250 ml. Eleven horses that exhibited unilateral mild inflammatory cytology (i.e. normal cytology [<10% neutrophils] in the other lung) were enrolled. Protein concentrations were not significantly different between lungs, for any of the investigated cytokines. Relative mRNA expression of IL-1β (3.887 ± 0.929) and IL-10 (3.225 ± 0.516) were significantly higher in BALF from mild inflammatory lungs when compared with non-inflammatory ones (1.408 ± 0.337 and 1.488 ± 0.420, respectively); and also significantly correlated with neutrophil proportions (R = 0.45 and R = 0.58, respectively). These findings suggest that specific inflammatory response and/or regulation locally occurs within the lower airways

Cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses with unilateral IAD-consistent cytology

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Hay dust particles measured by flow cytometry in steamed versus dry hay

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Influence of bronchoalveolar lavage volume on cytological profiles and subsequent diagnosis of inflammatory airway disease in horses

International audienceThe aim of the study was to determine whether instillation of either 250 mL or 500 mL of saline for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) would influence cytological confirmation of inflammatory airway disease (IAD). Thirty client-owned Standardbred racehorses were sampled via endoscopy with 250 mL of saline in one lung and 500 mL in the contralateral lung. The procedure was repeated 72 h later, reversing the volume per lung. The proportions of BAL fluid (BALF) recovered were significantly higher and neutrophil percentages significantly lower with the larger volume. A poor agreement was found between methodologies in terms of final diagnosis, when based on proportions of neutrophils (>10% from at least one lung). Within the recommended range (250–500 mL), the instilled volume significantly influenced cytological profiles. Establishing specific BALF reference values is warranted

Do BALF cytokine profiles vary depending on the sampled lung in horses with unilateral IAD-consistent cytology?

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