Interpretation and the Constraints on International Courts

This paper argues that methodologies of interpretation do not do what they promise – they do not constrain interpretation by providing neutral steps that one can follow in finding out a meaning of a text – but nevertheless do their constraining work by being part of what can be described as the legal practice

The 'long' 16th century : a key period of animal husbandry change in England

Although many historians have extensively discussed the agricultural history of England between the Late Middle Ages and the Modern Era, this period of crucial changes has received less attention by archaeologists. In this paper, zooarchaeological evidence dated between the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period is analysed to investigate changes in animal husbandry during the ‘long’ sixteenth century. The size and shape of the main domestic animals (cattle, sheep, pig and chicken) is explored through biometrical data and discussed in line with evidence of taxonomic frequencies, ageing and sex ratios. Data from 12 sites with relevant chronologies and located in different areas of the country are considered. The results show that, although a remarkable size increase of animals occurred in England throughout the post-medieval period, much of this improvement occurred as early as the sixteenth century. The nature and causes of such improvement are discussed, with the aim of understanding the development of Early Modern farming and the foundations of the so-called Agricultural Revolution

Method for assessing the theoretical characteristics of small axial hydraulic turbines

Energy supply to remote areas remains a technical and social challenge. Construction of transmission lines to provide electricity to such areas is expensive and not always possible. One of the promising areas in this area is local energy generation based on local resources, in particular small watercourses, using small hydroelectric power plants. Small hydroelectric power plants are small hydropower facilities that use the energy of small watercourses to generate electricity. They have a number of advantages over traditional energy sources, such as environmental friendliness, low operating costs and high efficiency. However, the widespread introduction of small hydroelectric power plants is hampered by the lack of mass production of small hydraulic turbines and difficulties in designing low-power plants. Designing hydraulic turbines is a complex task that requires solving the inverse problem of hydrodynamics and finding the optimal shape of the flow path. To simplify the design of hydraulic turbines in the modern world, specialized software is used using various methods, including flow analysis, energy loss and blade shape optimization. This article based on an analysis of existing methods for designing and using a mathematical model of a hydraulic turbine with simplified blades, proposes a method for designing and analyzing the theoretical characteristics of the resulting hydraulic turbine. In conclusion, taking into account the use of the methodology for designing a hydraulic turbine for given parameters, its assessment is given, as well as ways to possibly improve the accuracy of the results obtained. Possible areas of application of the outlined design methodology are indicated