862 research outputs found

    While We Danced At The Mardi Gras

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    Picture of Nick Lucas; Illustration of people dancing in costumeshttps://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/cht-sheet-music/10990/thumbnail.jp

    Passive and Active Schizophrenia: Toward a New Descriptive Micropsychopathology

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    The “experiences” reported by individuals affected by schizophrenia are fundamental components of the descriptive approach adopted by current diagnostic systems for mental disorders and by clinical diagnostic interviews and rating scales for the assessment of the symptoms of schizophrenia. However, the technical literature does not rely on a specific definition of experiences in schizophrenia. This article introduces a specific, restrictive, operationalized definition of the “experiential substrate” of schizophrenia, defined by the “self-giving” “passive experiences” of the disorder that break into the consciousness of the affected individual, and are distinguished from the “active” acts of judgment formulation and conviction/belief attainment. The experiential substrate of schizophrenia may be considered similar to the experiential substrate of pain. The operationalization of the definition of passive experiences can enable the experiential substrate of schizophrenia to be acknowledged as an independent domain with a specific role in the assessment of the disorder, a role that is substantially omitted or ignored by current research and practice. The term “descriptive micropsychopathology” is proposed for this new method aimed to describe passive experiences and active judgments as independent domains to enhance the reformulation of criteria for symptom assessment and, consequently, reformulation of the criteria for the assessment of the efficacy and effectiveness of interventions aimed at prevention, care, and rehabilitation in schizophrenia. A new measure focusing on the evaluation of the passive experiences of schizophrenia and on the disturbance they cause to patients is also described

    Neurology

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    Contains reports on six research projects.U. S. Public Health Service (B-3055-4, B-3090-4, MH-06175-02)U. S. Air Force (AF49(638)-1313)U.S. Navy. Office of Naval Research (Nonr-1841(70)

    Motives for corporate cash holdings:the CEO optimism effect

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    We examine the chief executive officer (CEO) optimism effect on managerial motives for cash holdings and find that optimistic and non-optimistic managers have significantly dissimilar purposes for holding more cash. This is consistent with both theory and evidence that optimistic managers are reluctant to use external funds. Optimistic managers hoard cash for growth opportunities, use relatively more cash for capital expenditure and acquisitions, and save more cash in adverse conditions. By contrast, they hold fewer inventories and receivables and their precautionary demand for cash holdings is less than that of non-optimistic managers. In addition, we consider debt conservatism in our model and find no evidence that optimistic managers’ cash hoarding is related to their preference to use debt conservatively. We also document that optimistic managers hold more cash in bad times than non-optimistic managers do. Our work highlights the crucial role that CEO characteristics play in shaping corporate cash holding policy

    Urbanization and traffic related exposures as risk factors for Schizophrenia

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    BACKGROUND: Urban birth or upbringing increase schizophrenia risk. Though unknown, the causes of these urban-rural differences have been hypothesized to include, e.g., infections, diet, toxic exposures, social class, or an artefact due to selective migration. METHODS: We investigated the hypothesis that traffic related exposures affect schizophrenia risk and that this potential effect is responsible for the urban-rural differences. The geographical distance from place of residence to nearest major road was used as a proxy variable for traffic related exposures. We used a large population-based sample of the Danish population (1.89 million people) including information on all permanent addresses linked with geographical information on all roads and house numbers in Denmark. Schizophrenia in cohort members (10,755 people) was identified by linkage with the Danish Psychiatric Central Register. RESULTS: The geographical distance from place of residence to nearest major road had a significant effect. The highest risk was found in children living 500–1000 metres from nearest major road (RR = 1.30 (95% Confidence Interval: 1.17–1.44). However, when we accounted for the degree of urbanization, the geographical distance to nearest major road had no significant effect. CONCLUSION: The cause(s) or exposure(s) responsible for the urban-rural differences in schizophrenia risk were closer related to the degree of urbanization than to the geographical distance to nearest major road. Traffic related exposures might thus be less likely explanations for the urban-rural differences in schizophrenia risk
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