Le besoin de rendre les donnees scientifiques publiquement accessible - preoccupations et solutions possibles

4 pages[EN] The paper argues the necessity to render scientific data available in the public domain in order to prevent loss of knowledge associated with institutional discontinuities and poor archiving and conversely to support higher level analyses of biodiversity and ecosystems, often beyond the original scope of data collection. The concerns of data custodians are discussed, e.g. loss of competitiveness, publication by others, copyright and public acceptability of interpretations. Among the solutions suggested to address these are e.g. delayed public access, aggregation of data; proper use agreement and read-only access. It concludes that such public access policy should be in place for all scientific data collected with public funding.[FR] Ce travail souligne la nécessité de rendre les données scientifiques publiques afin d’éviter la perte des connaissances suite à des discontinuités institutionnelles et des faiblesses d’archivage, mais aussi afin de permettre des analyses plus poussées sur la biodiversité et les écosystèmes, souvent au-delà de ce qui avait été l’objectif initial de l’échantillonnage. Les préoccupations des gardiens de données sont examinés, telles que la perte de compétitivité, le risque de publication par d’autres, le droit d’auteur et l’acceptabilité publique des interprétations. Parmi les solutions proposées en vue de les prendre en compte figurent le retard d’accès public, l’aggrégation des données, des accords appropriés d’utilisation et un accès limité à la lecture. La conclusion est qu’il serait souhaitable d’avoir des politiques en place sanctionnant de telles solutions pour toutes les données scientifiques collectées avec des fonds publics.We thank David Cross for useful comments on the manuscript and the suggestion to stress advantages of data sharing in a dedicated paragraph. This study was supported by the European Commission, DG Research, within the scope of an INCO Accompanying Measure (ICA4-CT-2002-50001, ECOFISH).Peer reviewe

Presentation of the newly launched INCOFISH portal at www.incofish.org

INCOFISH is an acronym for "Integrating Multiple Demands on Coastal Zones with Emphasis on Aquatic ecosystems and Fisheries". In the scope of the EC funded INCOFISH project 35 partners from 22 countries worldwide are conducting specifically targeted strategic research towards reconciling multiple demands on coastal zones with special emphasis on developing countries. Overall objective is to evaluate and integrate data, tools and concepts suitable to contribute to the goals set by the World Summit for Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, such as restoring healthy fish stocks and ecosystems by 2015. The INCOFISH web portal (to be launched by the end of February 2006) at www.incofish.org is presented providing public access to all data and tools relevant for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) issues: historical performance of ecosystems to deal with the 'shifting baselines' syndrome and provide sound reference points for resource restoration; electronic maps for all coastal species to establish authoritative species inventories and explore scenarios of global change and invasive species; spatial ecosystem models for the coastal systems treated in this project as a basis for understanding the resource; guidelines and tools for best sizing and placement of marine protected areas; impact of ecotourism on coastal ecosystems including best-practice guidelines; simple indicators to promote and monitor sustainable fisheries; valuation of coastal ecosystem products and services and of different management regimes; legal instruments with regard to their usefulness for sustainable fishing in coastal zones; coastal transects as a tool for structuring and understanding multiple demands on coastal zones

Ecosystem based modeling and indication of ecological integrity in the German North Sea - Case study offshore wind parks

Human exploitation and use of marine and coastal areas are apparent and growing in many regions of the world. For instance, fishery, shipping, military, raw material exploitation, nature protection and the rapidly expanding offshore wind power technology are competing for limited resources and space. The development and implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) strategies could help to solve these problems. Therefore, suitable spatial assessment, modeling, planning and management tools are urgently needed. These tools have to deal with data that include complex information on different spatial and temporal scales. A systematic approach based on the development of future scenarios which are assessed by combining different simulationmodels, GIS methods and an integrating set of ecological integrity indicators, was applied in a case study in the German North Sea. Here, the installation of huge offshore wind parks within the near future is planned. The aim was to model environmental effects of altered sea-use patterns on marine biota. Indicators of ecological integrity were used to assess altering conditions and possible ecosystem shifts ranging from systems' degradations to the development of highly productive and diverse artificial reef systems. The results showed that some ecosystem processes and properties and related indicators are sensitive to changes generated by offshore wind park installations while others did not react as hypothesized

Characterization of Tannic Acid-Coated AZ31 Mg Alloy for Biomedical Application and Comparison with AZ91

Magnesium alloys are promising materials for bioresorbable implants that will improve patient life and reduce healthcare costs. However, their clinical use is prevented by the rapid degradation and corrosion of magnesium, which leads to a fast loss of mechanical strength and the formation of by-products that can trigger tissue inflammation. Here, a tannic acid coating is proposed to control the degradation of AZ31 and AZ91 alloys, starting from a previous study by the authors on AZ91. The coatings on the two materials were characterized both by the chemical (EDS, FTIR, XPS) and the morphological (SEM, confocal profilometry) point of view. Static degradation tests in PBS and electrochemical measurements in different solutions showed that the protective performances of the tannic acid coatings are strongly affected by the presence of cracks. The presence of fractures in the protective layer generates galvanic couples between the coating scales and the metal, worsening the corrosion resistance. Although degradation control was not achieved, useful insights on the degradation mechanisms of coated Mg surfaces were obtained, as well as key points for future studies: it resulted that the absence of cracks in protective coatings is of uttermost importance for novel biodegradable implants with proper degradation kinetics

Pulmonale Endarteriektomie und Behandlung der chronisch thromboembolischen pulmonalen Hypertonie

Zusammenfassung. Es handelt sich bei der chronisch thromboembolischen pulmonalen Hypertonie um ein relativ seltenes Krankheitsbild, welches meist als Folge von akuten Lungenembolien auftritt. Typisch ist die persistierende Atemnot nach Lungenembolien trotz adäquater Antikoagulation. In der Rechtsherzkatheter-Untersuchung findet sich eine präkapilläre pulmonale Hypertonie mit einem erhöhten pulmonalvaskulären Widerstand und konsekutiv zunehmender Rechtsherzinsuffizienz, einhergehend mit entsprechenden klinischen Befunden und reduzierter Prognose. Pathologisch findet sich organisiertes thrombotisches Restmaterial, welches von ungeschulten Augen leicht übersehen wird. Therapie der Wahl stellt die pulmonale Endarteriektomie dar, welche eine deutliche Besserung der Symptomatik, Hämodynamik und Prognose bewirkt. Fehldiagnosen oder verzögerte Zentrumsüberweisung führen häufig zu verspäteter Operation, was mit schlechteren Resultaten assoziiert ist. Sollte eine Operation nicht möglich sein, gibt es die Option einer Ballonangioplastie oder medikamentöser Therapien. Pulmonary Endarterectomy and Treatment for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Abstract. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is a relatively rare disease which mostly evolves as a complication of acute pulmonary embolism resulting from the fibrotic organization of residual thrombotic material despite adequate anticoagulation leading to precapillary pulmonary hypertension and persistence of its symptoms. The elevated pulmonary vascular resistance leads to right ventricular heart failure, its symptoms and reduced prognosis. The therapy of choice is the pulmonary endarterectomy, which leads to a reduction of symptoms, optimization of the hemodynamics and improved prognosis. Misdiagnosis and delayed referral often lead to disease progression along with poor surgical outcome. In case of more distal, surgically non-accessible disease, treatment consists of balloon pulmonary angioplasty and pulmonary vasodilator drugs. Endartériectomie pulmonaire et traitement pour hypertension pulmonaire thromboembolique chronique Résumé. L’hypertension pulmonaire thromboembolique est une maladie rare qui souvent présente une séquelle des embolies pulmonaires imminentes. L’organisation des caillots résiduels malgré d’une anticoagulation adéquate induit une hypertension pulmonaire précapillaire, une résistance pulmonaire élevée et une persistance des symptômes. Cela résulte dans une dysfonction ventriculaire droite progressive et un pronostic défavorable. Le traitement de choix est l’endartériectomie pulmonaire chirurgicale, ce qui entraîne une amélioration des symptômes, de l’hémodynamique et du pronostic. Cette amélioration est souvent retardée en raison de diagnostics erronés ou de l’absence d’orientation vers un centre, ce qui est associé à de moins bons résultats. En cas des patients inopérables, l’angioplastie pulmonaire par ballonnet et la thérapie médicamenteuse sont des alternatives effectives

Förderpläne: Instrument zur Förderung oder „bürokratisches Mittel“? Eine empirische Untersuchung zum Einsatz von Förderplänen

Förderplanung gilt als eine Voraussetzung für die individuelle Förderung von Lernenden in inklusiven und separativen Schulformen und die Erstellung von Förderplänen wird häufig gefordert. Allerdings ist noch wenig bekannt über deren Einsatz. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden erstens bisherige Forschungsergebnisse zu dieser Thematik berichtet. Zweitens wird eine Studie vorgestellt, in der untersucht wurde, ob und wie Regel- und Förderlehrkräfte in inklusiven und separativen Schulformen Förderpläne einsetzen bzw. wie sie damit umgehen. 226 Lehrkräfte aus der Schweiz wurden schriftlich mit einem Onlinefragebogen befragt. 25 dieser Lehrkräfte wurden im Anschluss an einen Unterrichtsbesuch interviewt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Förderpläne dort, wo sie verbindlich eingefordert werden, meistens erstellt werden. Allerdings steht in der Regel die Legitimations- oder Dokumentarfunktion im Zentrum und nicht die Förderung bzw. die Zielvereinbarung und -fokussierung. Auf der Sekundarstufe scheinen Förderpläne nicht verwendet zu werden. Zudem werden Förderpläne nicht für die Unterrichtsplanung genutzt. Die Frage, ob und wie Förderplanung und Unterrichtsplanung miteinander verbunden werden können, ist somit ein wichtiges Thema für die zukünftige Entwicklungs- und Forschungsarbeit

Recovering Fisheries from Crisis or Collapse: How to Shorten Impact Time of International Research Cooperation

ICES – the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea – was founded more than a century ago out of concern for overfishing. However, today’s global marine ecosystems are for the most part in a degraded state, many alarmingly so. Why is the science used so little to make decisions compatible with long-term sustainability of fisheries? The paper argues that there is a large gap between the understanding of scientists and that of political and economic decision makers. Scientists investigate the fundamentals of nature and socio-economic systems. These approaches do not coincide with the perceptions, belief systems and experiences of most social actors, except in the long run. Communicating scientific results better and more pervasively to citizens is an avenue that holds great potential to shorten impact times – provided there is willingness to hear the message. Since the media brought the overfishing message to the general public in the early 1990s, the international discourse has gradually shifted. From ‘maximum sustainable yield’ (MSY) of single species, the discourse started to put restoration of entire marine ecosystems by 2015 formally on the agenda through the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation adopted at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. But results are few and far between as fleet overcapacity driving the process shows little sign of alleviation. It is desirable that international scientific cooperation engages more constructively with citizens, civil society movements, companies and government authorities to speed up adaptive learning. While not replacing political processes, research and research communication that are aware of the different mindsets, cultures and historically grown preferences in societies can help more effectively to bring about the conditions for recovery of lost ecosystem functions and productivity. Trust is a key condition for acceptance of the message. A few examples of the EC’s international S&T cooperation projects are given to explore opportunities and challenges to recover fisheries in crisis