Magnetic equivalent circuit model of surface type fractional-slot permanent magnet synchronous generator

Design of permanent magnet synchronous machines becomes more of an issue for all systems lately. There are many parameters that have influence for machine design. Each parameter should have optimized and their effects on the system should be determined. Any desired pre-design have been done for machine design except a few paper and it only showed by of Finite element analysis (FEA). In this article, analytical method is used in permanent magnet synchronous machine design and the effects of geometric on the performance of machine are presented. Magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model is used as numeric method. It is observed that the proposed MEC model is pertinent to Speed PC-BDC model and FEA. Besides proposed MEC model provides to calculate performances of the machines which have the desirable slot/pole combinations correctly. Proposed model is applied on the recently increased fractional slot direct drive synchronous generators

Neuro-protective effects of Crocin on brain and cerebellum tissues in diabetic rats

Background: Increase in free oxygen radicals and the disruption of defense system make the neurons and astrocytes more sensitive against oxidative damage.Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into three groups containing 10, rats in each group namely: control (C) group, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) group, and Diabetes Mellitus + crocin (DM+crocin) group. Tissue samples were processed by routine histological and biochemical procedures. The sections were stained with Hematoxylen-eosin. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), blood glucose, HbA1c levels and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities were assayed.Results: The histological appearence of the cerebrum and cerebellum were normal in the control group. DM group showed some histopathological changes including congestion, perivascular and perineuronal edema in cerebrum. In DM + crocin group, histopathological changes in cerebrum and cerebellum markedly reduced. MDA level and XO activities increased significantly in DM group (P<0.01), but decreased significantly in DM + crocin group when compared to DM group (P<0.01). Blood glucose concentrations increased significantly (p<0.01) in DM group), but decreased significantly in DM + crocin group when compared with DM group (p<0.05). Blood HbA1c levels were normal in control group. But there were significant differences between control and DM groups (p<0.01). On the other hand, blood HbA1c levels decreased in DM+crocin group when compared with the DM group, but it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Due to the fact that crocin has an antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic effects, it can protect the brain and cerebellum tissue  against the complications of oxidative stress.Key words: Diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress, crocin, brain, cerebellum

Dynamics and torque analysis of permanent magnet synchronous generator with soft magnetic composite material

Usage of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) in wind turbines recently became more of an issue. The development in permanent magnet synchronous machines through the latest technologies, especially about machine design, increases the importance of those machines. Developments in materials technology implement the development of cost effective and profitable products on electric machines and bring simplicity in design. Especially Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC) materials became to be used recently in machine designs due to its advantages such as low costs and providing 3D flux paths. In this work the 2D magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) of PMSM machine, which includes SMC in its stator part, was composed and stated magnetic equivalent circuit was verified by finite element method. Also torque and radial forces of PMSM were calculated as well. When SMC materials are used in electric machines, flux flows in 3D. 3D finite element method takes quite long time. Due to 2D MEC analysis that was used in our work, the analysis periods become remarkably shorter. Besides the proposed MEC model enables to calculate performances of the machines, which have the desirable slot/pole combinations, correctly. Proposed model is applied on the recently improved fractional slot direct drive synchronous generators

Classification of forest and shrubland vegetation in Mediterranean Turkey

Questions What are the main vegetation types of forest and shrubland vegetation at the alliance level in Mediterranean Turkey? What is their syntaxonomical position? Can we integrate them into the European vegetation classification system? Which environmental factors are the main drivers of the floristic differentiation of vegetation types? Location Southern and western Turkey. Methods We collected 4,717 vegetation plots of forest and shrubland vegetation in Mediterranean Turkey and performed an unsupervised classification of this data set. We described vegetation types based on the classification results, expert knowledge and information from the literature. We defined diagnostic species and prepared distribution maps for each vegetation type. To support the interpretation of the vegetation types, we determined the most important environmental variables using canonical correspondence analysis. Results The studied vegetation was divided into 21 types related to three vegetation belts: (a) thermo- and meso-mediterranean, comprising coniferous (Pinus brutia, Pinus pinea) and sclerophyllous forests, as well as macchia, garrigue and phrygana; (b) supra-mediterranean, comprising Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana forests, thermophilous deciduous forests dominated by various oak species and Ostrya carpinifolia, and forests dominated by temperate species such as Fagus orientalis; and (c) oro-mediterranean, comprising forests and shrublands dominated by Abies cilicica, Cedrus libani, Juniperus excelsa and Juniperus communis subsp. nana. Elevation was identified as the main environmental driver of the vegetation pattern. Among climatic variables, the most important are the mean temperatures (annual and of driest, coldest, and warmest quarters), minimum temperature of winter, precipitation of warmest and driest quarters and precipitation seasonality. These factors indicate the decreasing effect of the Mediterranean climate with increasing elevation. Conclusions The vegetation of Mediterranean Turkey is arranged along climatic gradients depending on elevation and the distance from the Mediterranean Sea. Most vegetation types in this area correspond to the syntaxa accepted in EuroVegChecklist, while others were described as new

VACCINATION PRACTICES OF ADULT FAMILIAL MEDITERRANEAN FEVER PATIENTS IN TURKEY.

[Abstract Not Available

Magnetic equivalent circuit model of surface type fractional-slot permanent magnet synchronous generator

Design of permanent magnet synchronous machines becomes more of an issue for all systems lately. There are many parameters that have influence for machine design. Each parameter should have optimized and their effects on the system should be determined. Any desired pre-design have been done for machine design except a few paper and it only showed by of Finite element analysis (FEA). In this article, analytical method is used in permanent magnet synchronous machine design and the effects of geometric on the performance of machine are presented. Magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model is used as numeric method. It is observed that the proposed MEC model is pertinent to Speed PC-BDC model and FEA. Besides proposed MEC model provides to calculate performances of the machines which have the desirable slot/pole combinations correctly. Proposed model is applied on the recently increased fractional slot direct drive synchronous generators

AOSpine—Spine Trauma Classification System: The Value of Modifiers: A Narrative Review With Commentary on Evolving Descriptive Principles

Study Design: Narrative review. Objectives: To describe the current AOSpine Trauma Classification system for spinal trauma and highlight the value of patient-specific modifiers for facilitating communication and nuances in treatment. Methods: The classification for spine trauma previously developed by The AOSpine Knowledge Forum is reviewed and the importance of case modifiers in this system is discussed. Results: A successful classification system facilitates communication and agreement between physicians while also determining injury severity and provides guidance on prognosis and treatment. As each injury may be unique among different patients, the importance of considering patient-specific characteristics is highlighted in this review. In the current AOSpine Trauma Classification, the spinal column is divided into 4 regions: the upper cervical spine (C0-C2), subaxial cervical spine (C3-C7), thoracolumbar spine (T1-L5), and the sacral spine (S1-S5, including coccyx). Each region is classified according to a hierarchical system with increasing levels of injury or instability and represents the morphology of the injury, neurologic status, and clinical modifiers. Specifically, these clinical modifiers are denoted starting with M followed by a number. They describe unique conditions that may change treatment approach such as the presence of significant soft tissue damage, uncertainty about posterior tension band injury, or the presence of a critical disc herniation in a cervical bilateral facet dislocation. These characteristics are described in detail for each spinal region. Conclusions: Patient-specific modifiers in the AOSpine Trauma Classification highlight unique clinical characteristics for each injury and facilitate communication and treatment between surgeons

A short history of fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy, neutrosophic and plithogenic sets

Recently, research on uncertainty modeling is progressing rapidly and many essential and breakthrough stud ies have already been done. There are various ways such as fuzzy, intuitionistic and neutrosophic sets to handle these uncertainties. Although these concepts can handle incomplete information in various real-world issues, they cannot address all types of uncertainty such as indeterminate and inconsistent information. Also, plithogenic sets as a generalization of crisp, fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy, and neutrosophic sets, which is a set whose elements are characterized by many attributes’ values. In this paper, our aim is to demonstrate and review the history of fuzzy, intuitionistic and neutrosophic sets. For this purpose, we divided the paper as: section 1. History of Fuzzy Sets, section 2. History of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and section 3. History of Neutrosophic Theories and Applications, section 4. History of Plithogenic Sets

Management of Acute Traumatic Central Cord Syndrome: A Narrative Review.

Study Design Narrative review. Objectives To provide an updated overview of the management of acute traumatic central cord syndrome (ATCCS). Methods A comprehensive narrative review of the literature was done to identify evidence-based treatment strategies for patients diagnosed with ATCCS. Results ATCCS is the most commonly encountered subtype of incomplete spinal cord injury and is characterized by worse sensory and motor function in the upper extremities compared with the lower extremities. It is most commonly seen in the setting of trauma such as motor vehicles or falls in elderly patients. The operative management of this injury has been historically variable as it can be seen in the setting of mechanical instability or preexisting cervical stenosis alone. While each patient should be evaluated on an individual basis, based on the current literature, the authors' preferred treatment is to perform early decompression and stabilization in patients that have any instability or significant neurologic deficit. Surgical intervention, in the appropriate patient, is associated with an earlier improvement in neurologic status, shorter hospital stay, and shorter intensive care unit stay. Conclusions While there is limited evidence regarding management of ATCCS, in the presence of mechanical instability or ongoing cord compression, surgical management is the treatment of choice. Further research needs to be conducted regarding treatment strategies and patient outcomes

Evolution of the AO Spine Sacral and Pelvic Classification System: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe the genesis of the AO Spine Sacral and Pelvic Classification System in the context of historical sacral and pelvic grading systems. METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases was performed consistent with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify all existing sacral and pelvic fracture classification systems. RESULTS A total of 49 articles were included in this review, comprising 23 pelvic classification systems and 17 sacral grading schemes. The AO Spine Sacral and Pelvic Classification System represents both the evolutionary product of these historical systems and a reinvention of classic concepts in 5 ways. First, the classification introduces fracture types in a graduated order of biomechanical stability while also taking into consideration the neurological status of patients. Second, the traditional belief that Denis central zone III fractures have the highest rate of neurological deficit is not supported because this subgroup often includes a broad spectrum of injuries ranging from a benign sagittally oriented undisplaced fracture to an unstable "U-type" fracture. Third, the 1990 Isler lumbosacral system is adopted in its original format to divide injuries based on their likelihood of affecting posterior pelvic or spinopelvic stability. Fourth, new discrete fracture subtypes are introduced and the importance of bilateral injuries is acknowledged. Last, this is the first integrated sacral and pelvic classification to date. CONCLUSIONS The AO Spine Sacral and Pelvic Classification is a universally applicable system that redefines and reorders historical fracture morphologies into a rational hierarchy. This is the first classification to simultaneously address the biomechanical stability of the posterior pelvic complex and spinopelvic stability, while also taking into consideration neurological status. Further high-quality controlled trials are required prior to the inclusion of this novel classification within a validated scoring system to guide the management of sacral and pelvic injuries