ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5 Knockout Mice Are Protected from Versican but Not Aggrecan or Brevican Proteolysis during Spinal Cord Injury

The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) aggrecan, versican, and brevican are large aggregating extracellular matrix molecules that inhibit axonal growth of the mature central nervous system (CNS). ADAMTS proteoglycanases, including ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5, degrade CSPGs, representing potential targets for ameliorating axonal growth-inhibition by CSPG accumulation after CNS injury. We investigated the proteolysis of CSPGs in mice homozygous for Adamts4 or Adamts5 null alleles after spinal cord injury (SCI). ADAMTS-derived 50-60 kDa aggrecan and 50 kDa brevican fragments were observed in Adamts4−/−, Adamts5−/−, and wt mice but not in the sham-operated group. By contrast Adamts4−/− and Adamts5−/− mice were both protected from versican proteolysis with an ADAMTS-generated 70 kDa versican fragment predominately observed in WT mice. ADAMTS1, ADAMTS9, and ADAMTS15 were detected by Western blot in Adamts4−/− mice' spinal cords after SCI. Immunohistochemistry showed astrocyte accumulation at the injury site. These data indicate that aggrecan and brevican proteolysis is compensated in Adamts4−/− or Adamts5−/− mice by ADAMTS proteoglycanase family members but a threshold of versican proteolysis is sensitive to the loss of a single ADAMTS proteoglycanase during SCI. We show robust ADAMTS activity after SCI and exemplify the requirement for collective proteolysis for effective CSPG clearance during SCI

Bone Resorption, Matrix Metalloproteinases and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester

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The comparing of homogenization methods for oxidative and antioxidative analyses of sperm

WOS: 000500746600018Pretreatment of sperm for oxidative and antioxidative analysis has been shown to be different in studies. These differences can affect the result of analyses. The aim of this study was to compare the analyses of sperm homogenization methods. The semen of four rams were used in the study. Pretreatment procedures included the rotary, bead, and ultrasonic homogenization methods. Oxidative and antioxidative status of sperm samples was assessed by measuring serum lipid hydroperoxide, total oxidant status, free sulfhydryl groups (SH total thiol), ceruloplasmin, and total antioxidant capacity levels. As a result, the homogenization methods before oxidative and antioxidative status analyses significantly affected the result (P < 0.05), and the ultrasonic homogenization method was the most effective. It is recommended to use the ultrasonic homogenization as a pretreatment method to determine the oxidative and antioxidative status analyses in sperm

Antiviral Properties Of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester And Its Potential Application

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is found in a variety of plants and well-known the active ingredient of the honeybee propolis. CAPE showed anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antimitogenic, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties in several studies. The beneficial effects of CAPE on different health issues attracted scientists to make more studies on CAPE. Specifically, the anti-viral effects of CAPE and its molecular mechanisms may reveal the important properties of virus-induced diseases. CAPE and its targets may have important roles to design new therapeutics and understand the molecular mechanisms of virus-related diseases. In this mini-review, we summarize the antiviral effects of CAPE under the light of medical and chemical literature.PubMe

Antiviral Properties of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester and Its Potential Application

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is found in variety of plants and well known active ingredient of the honeybee propolis. CAPE showed anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antimitogenic, antiviral and immunomodulatory properties in several studies. The beneficial effects of CAPE on different health issues attracted scientists to make more studies on CAPE. Specifically, the anti-viral effects of CAPE and its molecular mechanisms may reveal the important properties of virus-induced diseases. CAPE and its targets may have important roles to design new therapeutics and understand the molecular mechanisms of virus related diseases. In this mini-review, we summarize the antiviral effects of CAPE under the light of medical and chemical literature. [J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2015; 4(4.000): 344-347

Regeneration and Healing of Bone and Cartilage in Type-1 and Type-2 Diabetes: The Effects of Insulin

Increased fragility of long bones and delay in fracture healing in adults as well as skeletal development disorders in children are thought to be associated with endochondral ossification problems. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage is absorbed during endochondral ossification. During the recovery process from damage, chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy and increase their cell volume; on the other hand, it is also necessary to digest the ECM elements around the cells. Recent research on the proteolytic enzymes in ECM assumed to be responsible for the digestion is connected to proteinases digesting type II collagen and aggrecan. ADAMTS1, 4, and 5 are known as major aggrecanases within the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes in human cartilage. These are regarded as main determiners among MMPs of bone growth, healing, and remodeling. In this mini review article, the remodeling and restoration of osseous tissue in type-1 and -2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and the effect of insulin on these processes are discussed briefly in the light of the current literature.WoSScopu