Camel Milk is an Alternative and a Complementary Treatment to the Current Parenteral Insulin Therapy of Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

The main treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is insulin replacement via parenteral routes which is far from satisfactory, because injection is generally a painful procedure, especially when patients need to get the injections throughout their life by 2-3 injections/day. Secondly, many patients have phobia against injections especially children. Thirdly, insulin is expensive to purchase. Fourthly, parenteral insulin is not safe in the long-term of uses as development of anti-insulin antibodies is possible, and fifthly, parenteral insulin is associated with the risk of hypoglycemic events. For those reasons, raw dromedary’s camel milk is an alternative and or complementary to pareneral insulin treatment of IDDM. This paper discusses the chemical constituents and properties of dromedary’s camel milk, recent research about its efficacy in the treatment of IDDM, its role in the restoration of experimentally damaged beta-cells of the pancreas, its role in the improvement of lipid metabolism, body mass index and functions of the kidneys and liver of subjects with IDDM received camel milk. This paper demonstrates that, raw dromedary’s camel milk causes significant reduction in insulin doses in insulin dependent diabetic subjects to obtain glycemic control along with significant hypoglycemic effects. Significant improvement were also observed in HbA1c levels, micro albuminuria, lipid metabolism, BMI, biochemical parameters of the liver and kidney functions of camel milk fed experimental subjects with IDDM. Camel milk works as a regulator of blood sugar in the absence of original insulin, and it seems to work together with the body’s own restorative and regenerative abilities to maintain normal health. Camel milk is well tolerated and its uses are not associated with the risk of hypoglycemic events, and it may be able to eliminate the alloxan and other chemicals’ induced-toxicity on pancreas and on other body’s organs via regenerative effects on damaged cells with unknown mechanism and could be used as an alternative and or a complementary treatment to current IDDM therapy

De novo stone formation in ureteric stump post-nephrectomy

Introduction: The leftover ureteric stump after a simple nephrectomy is rarely symptomatic. Here, we report a unique case of ureteric stump stones that likely developed de novo and patients became symptomatic. Case Report: We report the case of a 53-year-old female, who had benign right nephrectomy for a non-functioning kidney 17 years ago and presented with three years history of recurrent urinary tract infections and right-side abdominal pain. A continuous unenhanced computed tomography scan confirmed the presence of multiple de novo stones in the leftover ureteric stump, which was successfully treated by an open transperitoneal ureteric stumpectomy. She was asymptomatic at 12 months post-operative follow-up. We describe problems of leftover ureteric stumps and the possible pathophysiology of the stones formation in this group of patients. Conclusion: Albeit rare, various symptoms and complications can develop in the leftover stump, including stumpitis, urinary tract infections, and calculi. Therefore, discussion with patients of ureteric stump complications is recommended

Node Re-Usability in Structured Hypertext Systems

When the size of a graph-based hyperdocument exceeds a certain limit, the graph structure gets complicated and causes navigation and document management problems. A simple solution for this problem is the structuring ofthe hyperdocument into several smaller units. In this approach each unit contains nodes that share common properties and their link structures. Srnuller. more manageable networks (called webs) which have their own, less complex graph structures are the result. In this paper we propose a model for hypertext systems which allows hyperclocument structuring using webs. The model demonstrates node re-usability which becomes essential as it is verylikely that the smaller units created will share nodes. The implementation details of a hypertext authoring system, HypAS, based on the proposel model is also provided

Local traders and agricultural development in Dongola area: a study in rural capitalism from Northern Sudan

[Preface]:After an anthropological study of a Danagla village, Mushu, in 1974/5, many questions arose as to the process of agricultural development in the area which was beyond the scope of the first research. I developed an interest in the causes which contributed to the transformation of the Danagla peasant economy as it was in the period just before and after the Re-Conquest of the country in 1898, to the type of economy which is more and more becoming capitalist in the sense of the increasing role of capital in changing what was once a totally subsistence type of economy. I had a faint idea about the determinant factors on the development of the present socio-economic structures; basically these were premised on the prevailing production relations and their gradual change from those totally instituted in the kinship relations to those seemingly individualistic, secularized and commercial relations of production of today as seen in the different forms of sharecropping practised in the area. A possible determinant cause was sought in the activities of local entrepreneurs especially traders whose activities have had an important role in the agricultural developments and the economy of the area. The results of the fieldwork (extending from September 1976 to June 1977) are documented in this thesis.To study a region whose population is scattered in a vast number of villages and settlements along the river banks, in oases which are difficult to reach with conventional means of transport, and in the basins which have contributed a lot to the heterogeneity of the region, it was difficult to select a representative unit. Instead, I adopted a different approach which allowed for wider coverage of the region as a whole.Since I was concerned with the agricultural development I found it plausible to focus on one important dynamic factor in bringing about changes affecting that development - that is capital. In an arid zone the necessity for irrigation presupposes relatively large investment resources, and hence the focus on the process of capital accumulation within the peasant economy and also trading profits and their reinvestment in agriculture and trade.The study of the class of traders, the small shopkeepers scattered all over the villages, and wholesalers who are concentrated in the towns, allowed me a better chance of covering the whole region as a geographical entity and seeing the local differences in the forms of economic and social organization. The methods used were mainly documentary sources, interview schedules, life-histories and case studies. Sampling for the interviews (one for the study of pump schemes and one for the traders) posed a difficulty as the records were at variance with the real number of traders in the area, for example. The mode of selection of the sample from the traders for study is described in Chapter Six. The objective of interviewing the traders was to collect basic demographic data and to elucidate their activities past and present in agricultural investment (see Appendix 2). This necessitated the conducting of these interviews mostly by myself as the life histories of some of those interviewed were documented as well. From these most of the information on the history of trade, credit relations and development and organization of co-operatives was collected. Documents and case studies are mostly utilized in Chapter Two and Four regarding the history of the area and its population and the developments in the material means of production.However, non-traders and government officials provided me with indispensable information or helped to introduce me to potential informants on the history of the region, and its social organization especially the elderly informants without whose help it would be very difficult to document the recent history of otherwise neglected aspects of these people's life

Diseases Related to Maternal Mortality in Wad Medani Obstetrics and Gynecology Teaching Hospital, Sudan (2011-2014)

Worldwide an estimated 529,000 girl and woman die of pregnancy related causes each year about one every minute and many time that number suffer long term injuries and disabilities.  99% of all maternal death occurs in the developing world (WHO 2005). In Sudan many women's dies due to pregnancy related complications, and those who survive suffer from sever maternal morbidity. This study aimed to explore    the most common diseases related to maternal mortality in Sudan with references to Wad Medani Obstetrics and Gynecology Teaching Hospital during the period (2011-2014). The study used data collected from Wad Medani obstetrics and Gynecology Teaching Hospital annual reports for which data were completed and available include 245 cases. For data analysis the study used descriptive analytical methodology and Chi-square test.  The result revealed that the indirect causes of maternal deaths    responsible of 69.7% including, malaria, cancer, heart diseases, liver diseases and jaundice. While the direct cusses represent 30.3 of maternal death and this include Hemorrhage, bleeding poisoning, abortion and eclampsia. The study recommended that raising the awareness of women with the importance of follow up visit during pregnancy and after delivery. Also the study recommended that working to sustain malaria fighting program and intensify the effort in this regard

Nomadic husbandry practices and meat quality of El-Kababish camel herds (Camelus dromedarius

The present work aimed to study nomadic husbandry practices and the effect of season, aging and sex on meat quality of El-Kababish camels (Camelus dromedarius) under optimised feeding conditions. The results of husbandry practices indicated that illiteracy among camel owners was 48.6% and among shepherd was 56%. Average herd size was 85.1 heads and breeding females represented 74.2% while breeding males amounted to 25.2%. The study revealed that sheep and goats were also raised beside camels. Castration of male camels was practiced for fattening purposes by 40% of the farmers. The majority of the herders practiced seasonal migration to the northern and southern parts of north Kordofan state. The study indicated the presence of twelve major camel diseases, and local medicine was extensively practiced in combating diseases. Most of the farmers (75.4%) indicated the use of the money returns from selling of camels for other activities rather than adding new animals to their herds. Effect of season on contractile and metabolic properties of Longissimus thoracis muscle was carried out on thirty fattened camels. The results revealed that season significantly influenced muscle chemical composition, ultimate pH (pHu) and color (P<0.01). Activity of metabolic enzymes in the muscle tissue was higher during autumn season compared to summer and winter. The glycolytic metabolism activity of phosphofructokinase was Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark. XIII + 64% and oxidative isocitrate dehydrogenase was +145% in autumn and summer. Quantification of muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms indicated high proportion of type I in winter and type II in autumn (P<0.001). The study revealed that aging of camel longissimus thoracis muscle significantly influenced its chemical composition except ash (P<0.001). Dry matter and weep loss increased significantly while moisture and protein contents decreased. No differences were found in muscle pH, color and WHC while fat peroxidation showed insignificant increase and high levels of vitamin E were found during aging (16.4, 24.5, 12.8 and 18.4 μg/ g muscle). Sex revealed no significant differences in total intramuscular fat, insoluble OH proline as well as total OH proline content. Amino acid content was lower in males than in females (1460 vs. 1604 mg/ 100 g muscle, P<0.05). No significant differences were observed between sexes for total saturated, monounsaturated and poly unsaturated fatty acids. The ratio of PUFA/SFA and of n-6/n-3 of camel meat fatty acids was compatible with the recommended value for human nutrition (0.45 and 4.0). All together, these results confirm the high nutritive value of camel meat compared to meat from other ruminant

The economic geography of the tourist industry by U.S. metropolitan area: a supply-side analysis

The research in this dissertation articulates the economic geography of the tourist industry in the United States by metropolitan statistical area (MSA) from a supply-side perspective. It examines the complex economic mix of the tourism production system by employment patterns, number of establishments, and wages. One of the key purposes of this dissertation is to analyze the intense geographical concentration that underlies the tourist industry and to identify the typologies of metropolitan-based economies that explain much of the clusters. A key hypothesis is that, although the tourism direct providers (e.g. hotels, airlines, etc.) attract more attention in the tourism geography literature than tourism supply service industries (e.g. food and drinking services, performing arts, etc.), that a broad economic equivalence exists between these macro-sectors in terms of number of jobs and establishments by MSA. Overall, it is hypothesized that the tourism production system is largely shaped by the logic of agglomeration theory and that metropolitan area economies that experience high levels of specialization as expressed by elevated tourism-related market shares in terms of jobs and establishments, will also generate a higher overall tourism average wage. Another purpose of this dissertation was to examine the overall impact of tourism specialization on quality of life scores as indicated by per capita income, percent of population with college degrees, and population growth rates. Furthermore, the dissertation examined whether metropolitan area economies that attract disproportionately high levels of tourism market share in terms of employment also attract disproportionate creative class employment based on Florida's (2002) definition. The overall analysis revealed that a broad economic equivalency in terms of number of jobs and number of establishments exists between tourism direct providers (e.g., air transportation and hotels) and the tourism supporting services (e.g., restaurants, performing arts, and sports). Additionally, the findings highlighted an acute geographic concentration of the tourism production system. The top ten MSAs in terms of employment market share accounted for 40% of all tourism jobs. The analysis also revealed that four major tourism MSA typologies existed including casino-based, coastal resort, retirement resorts, and natural resource gateway metropolitan areas. The findings further revealed that tourism average wages varied by MSA and they were highly influenced by the level of tourism concentration and specialization partly due to an economies of scale and agglomeration effect. The analysis supported the notion that the tourism industry's overall impact on various quality of life indicators was largely random, suggesting that the general notion that tourism can be a panacea for an urban economies' ill needs to be re-evaluated and questioned. The analysis also showed that a random relationship existed between tourism employment levels and the percent creative class employment contrary to much of the literature. Additionally, the analysis also suggested that a statistically significant correlation existed between percent creative class employment and cultural tourism employment (e.g., performing arts, spectator sports etc.) Suggesting that targeting culturally-oriented tourism amenities may be a more effective strategy to attract the creative class. Data sets for the dissertation came from different sources including: The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), and The Census Bureau. The North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) methodology was used to quantify the tourist industry from a supply side perspective

Re-Operations: A Two Year Experience at Gezira National Centre for Pediatric Surgery-Sudan

Background: The development of pediatric surgical care in Africa has suffered from the neglecance of health policy makers, yet surgery remains an essential component of basic healthcare and an important means of providing preventive and curative treatment. Although the Sudan started with very few specialists who were trained in pediatric surgery to overcome the need of this specialty which started in the late of 70th and early of 1980th with only 5 surgeons.Re-operative surgery in pediatric patients is a challenge that is confronted by every surgeon, a particular operation may be initially done and followed by appropriate post-operative care, functional or anatomical problem may need further surgical intervention. Objective:&nbsp; To evaluate the magnitude of re-operation in pediatric patients seen at GNCPS. Methods: This is a retrospective and prospective descriptive hospital based study that was conducted over two years as from March 2014 to Feb2016 at GNCPS. The study includes all pediatric surgical patients who needed a redo surgery.&nbsp; Result: The number of patients studied were111.The age distribution of studied group, the most common age group was less than 5year( n= 78) patients representing 70.3 %, followed by age group 6-10 year (n=19) 17.1% and the last age group 11-15(n=14) 12.6%. The ratio of male to female is 5.16:1. 61.3 %( n=68) of patients from the rural areas while 38.7% (n=32) from urban areas. The person who did the first operation: 47.7% (n=53) were done by pediatric surgeons, 28.8% (n=32) operated by registrars 18% (n=20) done by medical officers, 5.4% (n=6) operated by general surgeons. The final outcome of the patients: 49.5% (n=55) of them were alive without complications 35.1% (n=39) alive with complications, Number of patients who died were 15.3% (n=17). Conclusion: The majority of redo-operations are done under the age of 5year. Less than 50% of the initial operations were done by specialized pediatric surgeons reflecting the gross shortage of surgeons in this discipline. More than 80% of initial operations were done at specialized centers reflecting the poor set-up at the center. The gastrointestinal (GIT) system was associated with the most surgical redo. The mortality following redo-operations was high

HER2 Over Expression in Malignant Palpable Breast Lumps of Pre and Postmenopausal Women Attending RICK.

Back ground: Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER-2/neu) over expression in breast cancer is associated with poor outcome and decrease disease free survival (DFS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the over expression of HER2/neu among premenopausal and postmenopausalfemales presented with malignant palpable breast lumps to Radio Isotope Center Khartoum (RICK).Methods: The study was a case-control conducted among patients attending Radiation Isotopes Centre Khartoum (RICK). A total of 328 women were randomly selected. Data were collected by a pre coded, pre tested questionnaire. Tissue biopsies of breast lumps had been analyzed using immunohistochemical techniques for HERR-2/neu over expression and its relation to other prognostic factors was evaluated.Results: HER-2/neu + vein first pregnancy at . 23 years, were 32 (41%) in the cases, 6 (35%) in the controls of premenopausal women, and 21(44%) in the cases, 5 (38%) in the controls of postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu + veexpression in relation to age at menarche . 12 years was39 (51%) in the cases, 7(39%) in the controls of premenopausal women, and 36 (56%) in the cases, 7 (45%) in the controls of postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu+ vein relation to Body Mass Index > 29 kg/m2 showed 7 (37%) in the cases, 2 (33%) in the controls of premenopausal women(x2=0.024), and 8(38%) in the cases, 2(40%) in the controls of postmenopausal women (x2=0.006). HER-2/neu+ veexpression in relation to history of abortion or miscarriage (ever) was found to be 21 (39%) in the cases, 4 (33%) in the controls of premenopausal women, and 18 (44%) in the cases, 3 (33%) in the controls among postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu+ veexpression in relation to the history of breast cancer in a first degree relatives was 3 (25%) in the cases, 1(50%) in thecontrols of premenopausal women, and 4 (22%) in the cases, 2 (28%) in the controls of postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu+ veexpression in relation to the use of oral contraceptives was 3 (37%) in the cases, 1(50%) in the controls among premenopausal women, and 3 (27%) in thecases, 1 (50%) in the controls of postmenopausal women.Conclusion: The study confirmed an etiological association between HER2/neu+ve and HER2/neu . ve and age at first pregnancy . 23 years, age of menarche at . 12 years, abortion or miscarriage in premenopausal and postmenopausal Sudanese women, while an etiological association was confirmed between HER2/neu+ve and HER2/neu .ve, and BMI in premenopausal women, and the family history of cancer in pos menopausal women.Keywords: Human Epidermal, Growth factor, Recepto