Using nonlinear dimensionality reduction techniques in big data analysis

In recent years, the huge development in the measure of data has been noted. This becomes a first step of the big data. Big data can be defined as high volume, velocity and variety of data that require a new high-performance processing. The reduction of dimensions is one of the most important methods that are necessary in the field of big data analysis. Ideally, the reduced representation should have a dimensionality that corresponds to the intrinsic dimensionality of the data. There are two important procedures, the first one is dimensions reduction, and the second one is putting the data into its model and then estimating it. In this paper, we use two techniques of nonlinear dimensional reduction. The first one includes kernel principal components analysis (KernelPCA) along with modified kernel principal components analysis smooth (KernelPCAS) and the second one is neural network. The mean square error (MSE) was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of nonlinear reduction methods in the analysis of big data as a resourceful tool for this purpose

LEFT ATRIAL COMPRESSION FROM ACHALASIA - THE DIAGNOSTIC POWER OF ECHOCARDIOGRAM

Background: Left atrial compression by an extracardiac mass can arise from multiple structures surrounding the heart. Differentials include hiatal hernias, mediastinal masses, dissecting aortic aneurysms, esophageal malignancies, and rarely esophageal abnormalities such as achalasia. We present a case of a patient who during a routine transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was found to have left atrial compression secondary to achalasia, determined using appropriate maneuvers during image acquisition. Case: A 69-year-old female with diabetes underwent a TTE as part of workup for labile, uncontrolled blood pressure. Simultaneously, she was also being worked up for symptoms of dysphagia, weight loss and chronic cough. TTE revealed a 3.3 x 5 cm heterogeneous extracardiac mass compressing the left atrium. Decision-making: To determine the source of the mass, she was given a carbonated beverage to drink during the imaging acquisition, which was seen within the mass with a change in echo density, confirming GI origin. Imaging with CT scan revealed a dilated esophagus, and furthermore, EGD and esophageal manometry confirmed a diagnosis of achalasia. Conclusion: Echocardiographic imaging, with appropriate maneuvers, can be effective in identifying masses of gastrointestinal origin, differentiating them from vascular or mediastinal origin. Echocardiography has shown to be a strong, non-invasive tool to not only diagnose cardiac diseases, but also extracardiac manifestations of various organ systems

The Omani Sultanate of Zanzibar between Unity and Separation for the Period between (1223-1275 AH/ 1806-1861 A)

       Sultan Said bin Sultan bin Ahmed bin Said Al-Busaidi (1223-1273 AH / 1806-1856 AD) was able to rule Oman and Zanzibar in a unified Arab-African state during his reign. However, it was separated for several reasons. Thus, the study aims to clarify the efforts made by Sultan Said for annexing Zanzibar to Oman, establishing the Arab-African Sultanate, and shedding light on the role played by Britain in dividing the Arab-African Sultanate and separating Zanzibar from the Omani rule in (1275 AH-1861 AD). The study has adopted the historical descriptive analytical approach. The study has reached several conclusions, such as: The economic motivators  are the most important factors that push Sultan Said to move his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar in 1832 AD, and settle there until 1840 AD. At that time, Sultan Said bin Sultan laid the necessary foundations and pillars for the advancement of the unified Arab-African Sultanate. Further, he signed several agreements with some European countries to revive trade in the Sultanate. The study has finally recommended to: pursue the interest in the history of Oman and Zanzibar, focus on Britain's relationship with Zanzibar during the reign of Sultan Saeed, and on the impact of the political differences among the sons of Sultan Saeed after his death, Majid bin Saeed and Thuwaini bin Saeed on dividing the unified Arab-African Sultanate. It has also recommended to shed more light on the industrial activity in Zanzibar during Sultan Said bin Sultan bin Ahmed bin Said Al-Busaidi’s rule

Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Treatment With Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir

Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir, a once-a-day, oral combination pill, was approved in 2014 for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. Initial trials did not comment on nephrotoxicity; however, recent data suggest a risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) with the use of the medication. We assessed the rates of AKI in patients undergoing ledipasvir-sofosbuvir in a large, urban tertiary care center. This single-center retrospective observation study included all patients undergoing therapy from October 1, 2014, to October 1, 2015. Rates of AKI, defined by more than a 0.3 mg/dL increase in serum creatinine level, were calculated. Patients were followed 12 weeks after therapy to assess for sustained viral response as well as to assess for improvement of AKI after completion of therapy, defined by less than 0.2 mg/dL above baseline serum creatinine. In total, 197 patients were included in the final analysis who had completed ledipasvir-sofosbuvir therapy and completed laboratory values. Among the patients treated, 38 (19%) had AKI during therapy. An additional 4 (2%) had AKI at the end of therapy. Of the 38 patients who experienced AKI, 20 (53%) had improvement in serum creatinine to less than 0.2 mg/dL above their baseline. When comparing for chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage, those with CKD I or II experienced AKI 17% of the time compared with 47% of the time in CKD III or worse (P = 0.005). Conclusion: AKI was seen in nearly one-fifth of our patients, and patients with CKD stage III or worse are at increased risk. Although ledipasvir-sofosbuvir is generally safe in the general population, close monitoring of renal function is recommended

Human diversity in Jordan: polymorphic alu insertions in general jordanian and bedouin groups

Jordan, located in the Levant region, is an area crucial for the investigation of human migration between Africa and Eurasia. However, the genetic history of Jordanians has yet to be clarified, including the origin of the Bedouins today resident in Jordan. Here, we provide new genetic data on autosomal independent markers in two Jordanian population samples (Bedouins and the general population) to begin to examine the genetic diversity inside this country and to provide new information about the genetic position of these populations in the context of the Mediterranean and Middle East area. The markers analyzed were 18 Alu polymorphic insertions characterized by their identity by descent, known ancestral state (lack of insertion), and apparent selective neutrality. The results indicate significant genetic differences between Bedouins and general Jordanians (p = 0.038). Whereas Bedouins show a close genetic proximity to North Africans, general Jordanians appear genetically more similar to other Middle East populations. In general, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that Bedouins had an important role in the peopling of Jordan and constitute the original substrate of the current population. However, migration into Jordan in recent years likely has contributed to the diversity among current Jordanian population groups

Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin and doxorubicin in combination on the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-mb231 breast cancer cells

Patients with cancer often exhibit signs of anemia as the result of the disease. Thus, cancer chemotherapies often include erythropoietin (EPO) in the regime to improve the survival rate of these patients. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of EPO on doxorubicin-treated breast cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin alone or in combination with EPO against the MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 human breast cancer cells were determined using an MTT cell viability assay, neutral red (NR) uptake assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The estimated half maximal inhibitory concentration values for doxorubicin and the combination of doxorubicin with EPO were between 0.140 and 0.260 µg/ml for all cells treated for 72 h. Treatment with doxorubicin in combination with EPO led to no notable difference in cytotoxicity, compared with treatment with doxorubicin alone. The antiproliferative effect of doxorubicin at a concentration of 1 µg/ml on the MDA MB 231 cells was demonstrated by the decrease in viable cells from 3.6x10(5) at 24 h to 2.1x10(5) at 72 h of treatment. In order to confirm apoptosis in the doxorubicin-treated cells, the activities of caspases-3/7 and 9 were determined using a TBE assay. The results indicated that the activities of caspases-3/7 and 9 were significantly elevated in the doxorubicin-treated MDA-MB-231 cells by 571 and 645%, respectively, and in the MCF 7 cells by 471 and 345%, respectively, compared with the control cells. EPO did not modify the effect of doxorubicin on these cell lines. The results of the present study suggested that EPO was safe for use in combination with doxorubicin in the treatment of patients with breast cancer and concurrent anemia

Role of Repeat Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumours after Primary Resection: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Bladder Cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer of the urinary tract. Initial treatment by Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour (TURBT) helps guide treatment. In High Grade (HG) and invasive cancers, improved staging is achieved by performing a repeat (rTURBT). Aim: To examine the outcome, residual disease, complications, outcomes and quality of procedure of repeat TURBTs at the study tertiary center. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at the Department of Urology in Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India between October 2018 and December 2019. A total of 123 TURBT’s were performed during the study period, of which 34 were repeat TURBT’s. Case records were examined for each of these patients. Student t-test and Chi-square tests were used to compare data sets. Results: Data was complete for 30 out of 34 patients. There was residual disease in 12 (40%) patients. Upstaging was seen in 2/12 (17%) of patients, down-staging in 0/12, and same stage in 10/12 patients (83%). No disease was seen in 18/30 (60%) of patients. No major surgical complications occurred. In 12 patients of non-invasive, High Grade (HG) tumours, who underwent rTURBTs, 6 (50%) were found to have residual disease. Conclusion: rTURBTs should be performed in all patients with high-grade or T1 tumours. Further studies are required to analyse risk-factors for residual disease which may narrow the indications of rTURBT, thus saving time and costs, and reducing need for an additional procedure

Werner Syndrome Protein Expression in Breast Cancer

IntroductionWerner protein (WRN) plays an important role in DNA repair, replication, transcription, and consequently genomic stability via its DNA-helicase and exonuclease activity. Loss of function of WRN is associated with Werner syndrome (WS), which is characterized by premature aging and cancer predisposition. Malignancies that are commonly linked to WS are thyroid carcinoma, melanoma, breast cancer, meningioma, and soft tissue and bone sarcomas. Currently, the clinicopathologic significance of WRN in breast cancer is largely unknown.Patients and MethodsWe investigated the clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of WRN protein expression in a cohort of clinically annotated series of sporadic (n = 1650) and BRCA-mutated (n = 75) invasive breast cancers. We correlated WRN protein expression to clinicopathologic characteristics, DNA repair protein expression, and survival outcomes.ResultsThere is strong evidence of association between low nuclear and cytoplasmic WRN co-expression and low levels of KU70/KU80, DNA-PK, DNA Pol-B, CKD18, cytoplasmic RECQL4, and nuclear BLM protein expression (adjusted P-values < .05). Tumors with low nuclear or cytoplasmic WRN expression have worse overall breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) (adjusted P-values < .05). In topoisomerase I overexpressed tumors, low WRN nuclear expression was associated with poor BCSS (P-value < .05). In BRCA-mutated tumors, low WRN cytoplasmic expression conferred shortest BCSS (P < .05).ConclusionsLow WRN protein expression is associated with poor BCSS in patients with breast cancer. This can be used to optimize the risk stratification for personalized treatment