Analysis of Kinetoplast DNA from Mexican Isolates of Leishmania (L.) mexicana

This study analyzed DNA minicircles of Mexican isolates of L. (Leishmania) mexicana to look for genetic differences between strains isolated from patients with diffuse cutaneous (DCL) and localized (LCL) leishmaniasis. The kDNA was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment polymorphism analysis of the PCR products (PCR-RFLP) and the PCR products were sequenced. In the PCR with primers specific for the subgenus Leishmania, the Mexican isolates gave higher amplification products than the other L. mexicana complex strains and with specific primers for the L. mexicana complex they were poorly amplified. In the PCR-RFLP analysis with the Eco RV, Hae III, and Mbo I endonucleases, the Mexican isolates displayed similar restriction patterns, but different from the patterns of the other members of the L. mexicana complex. In the phylogenetic tree constructed, the kDNA sequences of the Mexican clones formed two groups including sequences of LCD or LCL clones, apart from the other L. mexicana complex members. These results suggest that the kDNA minicircles of the Mexican isolates are more polymorphic than the kDNA of other members of the L. mexicana complex and have different recognition sites for the restriction enzymes used in this study

The Research Journey as a Challenge Towards New Trends

The academic community of the department of Risaralda, in its permanent interest in evidencing the results of the research processes that are carried out from the Higher Education Institutions and as a product of the VI meeting of researchers of the department of Risaralda held in November 2021 presents its work: “The journey of research as a challenge towards new trends”, which reflects the result of the latest research and advances in different lines of knowledge in Agricultural Sciences, Health Sciences, Social Sciences and Technology and Information Sciences, which seek to solve and meet the demands of the different sectors. This work would not have been possible without the help of each of the teachers, researchers and authors who presented their articles that make up each of the chapters of the book, to them our gratitude for their commitment, dedication and commitment, since their sole purpose is to contribute from the academy and science to scientific and technological development in the search for the solution of problems and thus contribute to transform the reality of our society and communities. We also wish to extend our gratitude to the institutions of the Network that made this publication possible: UTP, UCP, UNAD, UNIREMINGTON; UNISARC, CIAF, Universidad Libre, Uniclaretiana, Fundación Universitaria Comfamiliar and UNIMINUTO, institutions that in one way or another allowed this work to become a reality, which we hope will be of interest to you.Preface............................................................................................................................7 Chapter 1. Technologies and Engineering Towards a humanization in Engineering using soft skills in training in Engineers.............................................................................................................11 Omar Iván Trejos Buriticá1, Luis Eduardo Muñoz Guerrero Innovative materials in construction: review from a bibliometric analysis....................................................................................................................27 Cristian Osorio Gómez, Daniel Aristizábal Torres, Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Cristhian Camilo Amariles López Bibliometric review of disaster risk management: progress, trends, and challenges.........................................................................................................51 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Gloria Milena Molina Vinasco. Incidence of land coverage and geology, in the unstability of lands of the micro-basin of the Combia creek, Pereira, Risaralda....................................73 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Daniel Aristizábal Torres. Chapter 2. Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences Training experience with teachers teaching mathematics using the inquiry methodology ...............................................................................................95 Vivian Libeth Uzuriaga López, Héctor Gerardo Sánchez Bedoya. Interpretation of the multiple representations of the fears associated to the boarding of limited visual patients in the elective I students’ written productions and low vision ...................................................................................113 Eliana Bermúdez Cardona, Ana María Agudelo Guevara, Caterine Villamarín Acosta. The relevance of local knowledge in social sciences............................................131 Alberto Antonio Berón Ospina, Isabel Cristina Castillo Quintero. Basic education students’ conceptions of conflict a view from the peace for the education....................................................................................................143 Astrid Milena Calderón Cárdenas,Carolina Aguirre Arias, Carolina Franco Ossa, Martha Cecilia Gutiérrez Giraldo, Orfa Buitrago. Comprehensive risk prevention in educational settings: an interdisciplinary and socio-educational approach ............................................................................163 Olga María Henao Trujillo, Claudia María López Ortiz. Chapter 3. Natural and Agricultural Sciences Physicochemical characterization of three substrates used in the deep bedding system in swine .......................................................................................175 Juan Manuel Sánchez Rubio, Andrés Felipe Arias Roldan, Jesús Arturo Rincón Sanz, Jaime Andrés Betancourt Vásquez. Periodic solutions in AFM models........................................................................187 Daniel Cortés Zapata, Alexander Gutiérrez Gutiérrez. Phenology in flower and fruit of Rubus glaucus benth. Cv. Thornless in Risaralda: elements for phytosanitary management .........................................199 Shirley Palacios Castro, Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, James Montoya Lerma, Ricardo Flórez, Harry Josué Pérez. Socio-economic and technical characterization of the cultivation of avocado (Persea americana) in Risaralda..............................................................217 Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, Kelly Saudith Castañez Poveda, Eliana Gómez Correa. Biosecurity management in backyard systems in Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda................................................................................................................227 Julia Victoria Arredondo Botero, Jaiver Estiben Ocampo Jaramillo, Juan Sebastián Mera Vallejo, Álvaro de Jesús Aranzazu Hernández. CONTENTS Physical-chemical diagnosis of soils in hillside areas with predominance of Lulo CV. La Selva production system in the department of Risaralda.............241 Adriana Patricia Restrepo Gallón, María Paula Landinez Montes, Jimena Tobón López. Digestibility of three concentrates used in canine feeding....................................271 María Fernanda Mejía Silva, Valentina Noreña Sánchez, Gastón Adolfo Castaño Jiménez. Chapter 4. Economic, Administrative, and Accounting Sciences Financial inclusion in households from socioeconomic strata 1 and 2 in the city of Pereira ..................................................................................................285 Lindy Neth Perea Mosquera, Marlen Isabel Redondo Ramírez, Angélica Viviana Morales. Internal marketing strategies as a competitive advantage for the company Mobilautos SAS de Dosquebradas........................................................................303 Inés Montoya Sánchez, Sandra Patricia Viana Bolaños, Ana María Barrera Rodríguez. Uses of tourist marketing in the tourist sector of the municipality of Belén de Umbría, Risaralda.............................................................................................319 Ana María Barrera Rodríguez, Paola Andrea Echeverri Gutiérrez, María Camila Parra Buitrago, Paola Andrea Martín Muñoz, Angy Paola Ángel Vélez, Luisa Natalia Trejos Ospina. Territorial prospective of Risaralda department (Colombia), based on the SDGS...............................................................................................................333 Juan Guillermo Gil García, Samanta Londoño Velásquez. Chapter 5. Health and Sports Sciences Performance evaluation in times of pandemic. What do medical students think?.......................................................................................................353 Samuel Eduardo Trujillo Henao, Rodolfo A. Cabrales Vega, Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez. The relevance of the therapist’s self and self-reference in the training of psychologists.....................................................................................................371 Maria Paula Marmolejo Lozano, Mireya Ospina Botero. Habits related to oral health which influence lifestyle of elder people in a wellness center for the elderly in Pereira 2020. .............................................387 Isadora Blanco Pérez, Olga Patricia Ramírez Rodríguez, Ángela María Rincón Hurtado. Analysis of the suicide trend in the Coffee Region in Colombia during the years 2012-2018 ..............................................................................................405 Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez, Jennifer Nessim Salazar, Jairo Franco Londoño, Juan Carlos Medina Osorio. Hind limb long bone fractures in canines and felines...........................................419 María Camila Cruz Vélez, Valentina Herrera Morales, Alba Nydia Restrepo Jiménez, Lina Marcela Palomino, Gabriel Rodolfo Izquierdo Bravo. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in the rural and urban area of Risaralda....................................................................................................439 Angela María Álvarez López, Angela Liceth Pérez Rendón, Alejandro Gómez Rodas, Luis Enrique Isaza Velásquez. Chapter 6. Architecture, Design and Advertising The artisan crafts of Risaralda, characteristics, importance, and risks within the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape, CCCL....................................457 Yaffa Nahir Ivette Gómez Barrera, Javier Alfonso López Morales

Evolving trends in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 waves. The ACIE appy II study

Background: In 2020, ACIE Appy study showed that COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) worldwide, with an increased rate of non-operative management (NOM) strategies and a trend toward open surgery due to concern of virus transmission by laparoscopy and controversial recommendations on this issue. The aim of this study was to survey again the same group of surgeons to assess if any difference in management attitudes of AA had occurred in the later stages of the outbreak. Methods: From August 15 to September 30, 2021, an online questionnaire was sent to all 709 participants of the ACIE Appy study. The questionnaire included questions on personal protective equipment (PPE), local policies and screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection, NOM, surgical approach and disease presentations in 2021. The results were compared with the results from the previous study. Results: A total of 476 answers were collected (response rate 67.1%). Screening policies were significatively improved with most patients screened regardless of symptoms (89.5% vs. 37.4%) with PCR and antigenic test as the preferred test (74.1% vs. 26.3%). More patients tested positive before surgery and commercial systems were the preferred ones to filter smoke plumes during laparoscopy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was the first option in the treatment of AA, with a declined use of NOM. Conclusion: Management of AA has improved in the last waves of pandemic. Increased evidence regarding SARS-COV-2 infection along with a timely healthcare systems response has been translated into tailored attitudes and a better care for patients with AA worldwide

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Etiología de la Homoquiralidad Molecular Mediante un Modelo de Decoherencia Cuántica

El presente trabajo contribuye a uno de los temas de investigación más enigmáticos y descollados de la ciencia: la explicación de la unidireccionalidad -homoquiralidad- de los fenómenos físicos, químicos, y biológicos; a pesar de que las teorías físicas predigan simetrías de los procesos, estas son conculcadas por la naturaleza; al respecto Pasteur expresó “Lúnivers est dissymétrique” 1. A nivel molecular, se estableció de facto que la etiología homoquiral fue un accidente prebiótico, empero este auspicio se privaba de dar un mecanismo formal. Fue en el año 1956 cuando se conjeturó que el descubrimiento de la violación de paridad de fuerzas electrodébiles [2, 3, 11, 12] podía influir en el superávit homoquiral molecular de los procesos bioquímicos. Sin embargo, existen otra teoría extraterrestre del origen homoquiral molecular -tautológicamente, exceso enantiomérico- que han cobrado mucha importancia [17, 16, 15, 18]. En este trabajo se propone un arquetipo del mecanismo que genera un exceso enantiomérico vía un proceso de decoherencia de una estructura intermedia en el proceso de transmutación homoquiral; así pues, se buscará poner este estudio en contexto a las teorías existentes. En el presente trabajo el concepto operante de de coherencia está constituido por aquellos procesos en los que el entrelazamiento disminuye, pero es importante aclarar que la decoherencia de un sistema es un proceso multifactorial que puede exhibirse como una pérdida del comportamiento cuántico de los sistemas; así que será imprescindible hacer una exposición de todo un argot cuántico que justificará nuestra metodología. En un segundo plano se hará uso conceptual del fenómeno del entrelazamiento cuántico, que es un componente esencial del comportamiento cuántico, por lo que será nuestro artilugio para monitorear el grado de decoherencia del sistema. Sin embargo, en los inicios de la teoría cuántica Einstein y colaboradores la criticaron [5] al considerarla una teoría incompleta por no cumplir un criterio de localidad. Pero gracias a los experimentos de Stern-Gerlach, los 1El universo es asimétrico VII VIII INDICE GENERAL patrones de difracción obtenidos en el experimento de la doble rendija, así como los que realizaron Antón Zeilinger y Alan Aspect para verificar fenómenos de no localidad cuántica, por lo que hoy en día ya no se puede poner en tela de juicio que el entrelazamiento, así como la superposición de estados son fenómenos que forman parte de nuestra realidad; una realidad latente por supuesto. No obstante es importante mencionar que el entrelazamiento al que la comunidad científica suele aludir es al de sistemas separados a grandes distancias; empero en la Sección 5 se presentaran criterios para cuantificar entrelazamiento de sistemas fermiónicos indistinguibles definidos en un mismo espacio de Hilbert, los cuales han adquirido relevancia por las implicaciones que tendrían en el procesamiento de información de computadoras cuánticas -en contraste con el primer esquema de entrelazamiento de sistemas lejanamente apartados que tiene implicaciones en teleportación cuántica-. No obstante que este trabajo es de naturaleza puramente teórica y especulativa, no se puede negar su valor científico y sus implicaciones en las ulteriores tecnologías cuántica y su impacto en la química. El valor de este trabajo reside en el hecho de que en este convergen distintas áreas de la ciencia; también este tipo de trabajo multi-temático -de corte transversal- podría parecer poco formal, pero ahí en este hecho se postra la virtud del mismo, ya que contribuye al devenir del conocimiento científico; tarea que muy pocos se atreven a emprender debido al riesgo que implica salirse de esquemas de investigación. Al respecto sobre los temas de corte abstracto; en un psicoanálisis del mexicano, Samuel Ramos reveló su carácter idealista [6]; por otro lado Antonio Caso en un tratado de la idea de progreso [7], expuso que el ser idealista forma parte del desarrollo humano, y dicha etapa se presenta en la juventud; son los jóvenes quienes con facilidad se enamoran de las abstracciones; lo que quiero expresar con esto es: todo aquel que considere tener un espíritu joven puede adentrarse en este terreno fértil en donde convergen distintas áreas de la ciencia.The aim of the Investigations exposed in the present thesis deals with one of the most enigmatic and outstanding topic research in science: homochirality, that is the one-handed symmetry preference observed in several processes of nature. Notwithstanding that physical theories predict the symmetry of processes, no specific bias towards homochirality has been shown. In this way, Luis Pasteur expressed that “L’univers est dissym´etrique” at the molecular level, it has been established de facto, that homochiral etiology was caused by a prebiotic accident. This claim avoided any formal explanation though. In 1956 it was conjectured that parity violation of electroweak forces might be an important factor to explain molecular homochirality of biological processes. Furthermore, an extraterrestrial origin of molecular homochirality has also been proposed, provoking enantiomeric excess. In this work we propose an enantiomeric excess mechanism based upon a quantum decoherence ansatz, which is achieved through an ad hoc planar molecular state constructed by superposition of a significant number of excited configurations. In quantum way, this stationary mixed state, characterized by its higher entanglement, might decohere towards quasi-pure states (lesser entanglement) . Among these, R- and S-homochiral states are naturally produced. It’s worthy to say that decoherence is guided through an IR- radiation mechanism producing normal vibration modes which lead to specific perturbated states that may collapse in several chemically recognizable states, R- and S- included. Throughout this ansatz we are able to explain, in clear fashion, the symmetry breaking observed in chiral molecules, with no recourse to any extra hypothetical arguments. On the other hand, our results show that enantiomeric excess arises naturally from the statistical distribution of the perturbated states which follow the normal vibration modes

La importancia de la planeación financiera en la toma de decisiones

Seminario: proyecciones financieras, su actualización y análisi