How do large commercial banks adjust capital ratios: empirical evidence from the US?

This research explores the balanced panel data to examine the level of capital adjustment for major insured commercial banks over the 2002-2018 period using a two-step GMM estimator. The findings show that the speed of adjustment of the large insured commercial banks is faster than that of non-financial companies. The results contribute to a slower average adjustment pace of a total capital ratio than the total risk-based capital and capital buffer ratios. The adjustment of capital is faster in the post-crisis period than during and before-crises era. The adequately capitalized banks adjust capital ratio faster than well-capitalized banks. In contrast, the under-capitalized banks adjust the total risk-based capital ratio and capital buffer ratio more quickly than that of others. The low liquid banks needed a higher time to restore equilibrium than high liquid banks. The results of this study have economic significance for policy implications and future regulations

The Effect of the Qur'anic Evidence in Favoring Different Issues in it Between the Factors of Al-Jurjani and Al-Barkawi

The best of what he wrote on the factors, Mukhtasar Al-Jarjani (d. 471 AH) and Mukhtasar Al-Barkawi (d. 881 AH), although the second author wrote his book "To rectify the first after nearly four centuries" Al-Jurjani's book still takes precedence, preferring his issues over the second, which he came to rectify, according to the researchers' opinion, as it became clear to us in the issues we discussed. Prepositions, as it is not well-known among prepositions, and prepositions are strange, as mentioned by Al-Ashmouni, and by the consensus of grammarians, the preposition does not work with the apparent noun, and its common use comes with the apparent noun and the separate pronoun. How does it work with the relative pronoun? The name of the condition (if) is not the factor of assertiveness, but it is a compound of (if) and (what), so the tool becomes (if), but the assertion does not work; because of Jazm tools, Jazm worked; to include the meaning of (if) the conditional in terms of meaning, it indicates doubt about the occurrence of a thing or possibility, or the impossible, unlike (if), which indicates certainty or preponderance. And (if) is the same tool (if) and is attached to it (what), then it is not working, just as it is not mentioned in a Qur'anic text that it is working. What also differed in it was the ratio of factors to listening and measurement, in factors that Al-Jurjani counted as aural, which Al-Barkawi counted as standard. Because if the factors are limited in number, then it is more appropriate for them to be auditory for the standard condition to be continuous and to be made under total control, or for a universal rule that applies to all its members, and this condition is not fulfilled in what was limited to a number. Keywords: grammatical factors, Al-Jurjani and Al-Barkawi factors, balancing stud factors, Al Jurjani's factors, Al-Barkawy's factor

Petrology and Sedimentation of the Cambro-Ordovician Saq Sandstone, Saudi Arabia

The Saq Sandstone is 600m thick and of Cambro-Ordovician age (?). It is vertically and laterally uniform succession, >90% of which cross-stratified. It is a texturally and mineralogically mature, fine to coarse-grained quartz arenite, with subordinate shale, siltstone, breccia and conglomerate. The Saq Sandstone comprises an upward maturing and fining sequence. It was -largely derived from a craton interior made up of pre-existing and multi-cycle sedimentary rocks. A new formation (The Idwah Formation) overlying the Precambrian-Cambrian basement and older than the Saq Sandstone has been defined. This is a remnant of an earlier extensive cover over the peneplained Precambrian-Cambrian surface. The sandstone was partly or totally deposited in a tide-dominated shallow-shelf marine environment. Six Facies Associations have been recognized: (1) Facies Association A (Bar areas); (2) Facies Association B (Inter-Bar); (3) Facies Association C (Inner-shelf); (4) Facies Association D (Shoreline) and (5) Facies Association E (Scree). The Saq Sandstone was deposited intially during a transgression (Lower and Middle) and then during a regression (Upper) cycle. The regression producing a laterally extensive sheet of beach sandstone. The palaeocurrent pattern throughout Saq Sandstone is unidirectional (NE). This together with the orientation of the beach lamination, suggest that the source lay S to SW of the Saq Basin, although it is difficult to reconstruct a palaeoslope from tidally induced flows. The dominance of a single palaeoflow suggest a strongly asymmetrical tidal system

Sedimentation of Saq Sandstone, Central Saudi Arabia

The Cambro-Ordovician Saq Sandstone, over 600m thick, is a quartz-arenite and rests unconformably on the Arabian Shield from the Al-Qassim region in the South to the Jordan Border, Quartz generally comprises more than 95% of the sandstone and 91% of the quartz is monocrystalline quartz. Both chemistry and petrography studies indicate this Formation to be very mature sandstone. The Saq Sandstone is abundantly cross-stratified and contains marine fossils. It is considered to have formed on an open marine tidal shelf. The cross-strata are sometimes seen to form into major sand bars, and beach deposits occur within the sequence. The palaeoflow is unimodal, and is the result of asymmetrical tides operation on a sloping shelf. The palaeoflow, which is to the ME, is therefore seen as the main direction of sediment dispersal and is the direction in which the Cambrian sandstones in this whole area are replaced by mudstones. The Saq Sandstone was derived from a pre-existing sandstone since it contains detrital chert. In the process of becoming mature, there are probably many cycles of reworking before final deposition. There is some 50 Million years difference between the last recorded thermal event affecting the Arabian Shield and the deposition of this sandstone. This suggests that the development of a craton can occur in less than 50 Million years

Effect of Combined Stress on Carbon- Epoxy Composite Curved Pipe

الهدف من هذا البحث هو دراسة سلوك أنبوب منحنى من الألياف الكربون المركبة من الإيبوكسي تحت الضغط الداخلي وعزم انحناء. يتم استخدام العينات المصنوعة من الألياف الكربون المحاكة مع الايبوكسي وبنسبه حجميه مقدارها 50 % لتصنيع الأنابيب المنحنية. يتضمن الجانب العملي تصنيع عينات الانابيب بتقنية سحب الهواء. تم تصنيع العينات بقطر داخلي (100ملم)، (490 ملم) طول القوس الخارجي و (409 ملم) طول القوس الداخلي للأنبوب المنحني وزاويه التقوس للأنبوب مقدارها (43 درجه) وسمك (4 و3 ملم). تم ايضا تصميم جهاز اختبار لدراسة تأثير الضغط الداخلي وعزم انحناء على الأنابيب المركبة. كذلك تم إجراء اختبار الشد لجميع العينات. في الجانب النظري تم ايجاد صيغه رياضيه وحساب الاجهاد والانفعال الطولي والمحيطي. من الواضح أن الاجهاد والانفعال المحيطي للأنابيب المنحنية المركبة من الألياف الكربون المنسوجة كان أكثر من الإجهاد والانفعال الطولي بنسبة تقرب من (13٪) و (18%) على التوالي. كان الضغط الداخلي الأقصى في حالة الضغط الداخلي فقط أكثر بالمقارنة مع الضغط الداخلي جنبا إلى جنب مع عزم الانحناء بنسبه (52%).تم العثور على أخطر منطقة للاجهادات في القوس الداخلي (التقعر) بينما المنطقة الاقل للإجهادات كانت في منطقة القوس الخارجي (التحدب) للأنبوب المنحني.The aim of this research is to study the behavior of carbon epoxy composite curve pipe under internal pressure and bending moment. Two specimens made from woven roving (Mat) carbon fiber composite pipes /epoxy composite with 50% volume fraction are used for manufacturing curved pipe. The experimental work included manufacturing pipe specimens by vacuum bag technique. Pipe specimens were having 100mm inner diameter, 490 mm length of curvature outer arc and 409 mm inner arc of curve pipe with (43 degree) and wall thickness is (4 and 3 mm). The test rig was designed and performed to study the effect of internal pressure and bending moment on the composite pipes. Also, the tensile test of the samples was done. The analytical expression solution has been accomplished to determine the strain, stress, for hoop and longitudinal direction. It is evident that the hoop stress and strain for woven roving carbon composite pipe was more than longitudinal stress and strain by almost (13%) and (18%) respectively. The maximum internal pressure in the case of internal pressure only was more than compared to the internal pressure with bending moment with almost (52%). The most critical region for stresses is found in the inner arc of the curved pipe (intrude) area while the least area for stresses was in the outer arc of the curved pipe (extrude) area

Performance Assessment of Screw Piles Embedded in Soft Clay

Screw piles are widely used in a variety engineering applications supplying stability against compression, overturning moment, uplift tension, and horizontal loads. Screw pile is a famous solution for support light structures, roads and rail signs which have relatively low-capacity foundation. In this study, the behavior of circular (10) mm solid screw pile models embedded in a bed of soft clay soil covering a layer of sandy soil has been studied. The 200 mm thick sand layer was compacted in a steel container with a diameter of 300 mm into four sublayers. The sandy soil layer was compacted at a relative density of 70%. The 300 mm thick soft clay soil bed with Cu (30) kPa was compacted in six sub-layers on the sandy bottom layer. Model tests are carried out with screw piles with a length of 300 mm, 350 mm and 400 mm and a helix diameter of 30 mm. Also, single and double helix and different S/Dh ratio were used for these piles and a comparative study between screw piles and ordinary piles (without helices) is accomplished. This study revealed that introducing screw pile of double helix increases its bearing capacity in soft clay soil by up to a (4-8) % as compared to a single helix screw pile. The results showed that the behavior of screw pile essentially depends on the geometric properties of the pile. According to the achievements, compressive load capacity of screw piles depends on embedded length, spacing ratio (S/Dh) and number of helical plates

Effect of Combined Stresses on Fiber- Epoxy Composite Curved Pipe

الهدف من هذا البحث هو دراسة سلوك أنبوب منحنى الألياف المركبة من الإيبوكسي تحت الضغط الداخلي وعزم انحناء. يتم استخدام العينات المصنوعة من الألياف الزجاجية المحاكة مع الايبوكسي وبنسبه حجميه مقدارها 50 % لتصنيع الأنابيب المنحنية. يتضمن الجانب العملي تصنيع عينات الانابيب بتقنية سحب الهواء. تم تصنيع العينات بقطر داخلي (100ملم) وزاويه التقوس للأنبوب مقدارها (43 درجه) وسمك (4 و3 ملم). تم ايضا تصميم جهاز اختبار لدراسة تأثير الضغط الداخلي وعزم انحناء على الأنابيب المركبة. كذلك تم إجراء اختبار الشد لجميع العينات. في الجانب النظري تم ايجاد صيغه رياضيه وحساب الاجهاد والانفعال الطولي والمحيطي. من الواضح أن الاجهاد المحيطي للأنابيب المنحنية المركبة من الألياف الزجاج المنسوجة كان أكثر من الإجهاد الطولي بنسبة تقرب من (14٪). كان الضغط الداخلي الأقصى في حالة الضغط الداخلي فقط أكثر بالمقارنة مع الضغط الداخلي جنبا إلى جنب مع عزم الانحناء بنسبه (115٪). تم العثور على أخطر منطقة في القوس الداخلي (التقعر) للأنبوب المنحني.The aim of this research is to study the behavior of fiber epoxy composite curve pipe under internal pressure and bending moment. The specimens made from woven roving (Mat) fiber glass pipes and epoxy composite with 50% volume fraction are used to manufacturing curved pipe. The experimental work included manufacturing pipe specimens by vacuum bag technique. Pipe specimens were having 100mm inner diameter, 450 mm length of curvature center line of curve pipe with (43 degree) and two wall thickness are 4 and 3 mm. The test rig was designed and performed to study the effect of internal pressure and bending moment on the composite pipes. Also, the tensile test of the samples was done. The analytical expression solution has been accomplished to determine the strain, stress, for hoop and longitudinal direction. It is evident that the hoop stress for woven roving fiber composite pipe was more than longitudinal stress by almost (14%). The maximum internal pressure in the case of internal pressure only was more than compared to the combined internal pressure with bending moment by almost (115%). The most dangerous region is found in the inner arc of the curved pipe (intrude) area

On Bond-slip of EB-FRP/Concrete Interface in Shear Under Fatigue Loading: Review and Synthesis of Experimental Studies and Models

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures subjected to cyclic fatigue loading are prone to progressive damage. Among the types of structural damage, those leading to shear deficiencies can result in sudden rupture of structures without warning. Hence, RC structures deficient in shear urgently need retrofitting. The use of externally bonded (EB) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites presents many advantages and is a very promising technology for shear strengthening of RC structures. This paper encompasses a wide range of research findings related to the interaction between concrete and FRP under fatigue loading. The behavior of the bond between FRP and concrete plays a major role in the failure mode of FRP shear-strengthened structures especially under fatigue. Therefore, it is of interest to characterize the FRP/concrete interaction using appropriate models with respect to the influencing parameters. The paper will first discuss existing design guidelines and considerations related to the fatigue behavior of RC structures. A thorough review of available literature on EB-FRP/concrete bond in shear under cyclic fatigue loading will then be presented, with a focus on proposed bond-slip models and finite element studies of the FRP/concrete interface under fatigue loading

ECONOMIC MAXIMIZATION OF ALFALFA ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY USING STRESSFUL FACTORS

Objective: The present study addresses the effect of water deficit stress on the antimicrobial capacity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Methods: Methanolic extracts of alfalfa plants grown in different soil types, varying in sand proportion, either alone or combined with various levels of water regimes were assessed for antibacterial and antifungal activities following cup plate method. The phytochemical profiles of plant extracts were also qualitatively screened using appropriate chemical reagents. Moreover, data were intensively processed via two different statistical designs. Results: Increasing sand amount induced the inhibitory effect of plant extracts on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Mucor circinelloides, Rhizopus azygosporus and R. microsporus with less pronounced action on Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans and Emericella quadrillineata; as well as a reversed influence on Pseudomonas aerugenosa and Streptococcus pyrogenes. Furthermore, withholding irrigation water enhanced the plant suppressive action on E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans and R. microsporus with less marked or reversed influence on the other tested microbes. However, Pseudallescheria ellipsoidea, two species of Penicillium and five of Aspergillus could resist the studied plant extracts. The results also revealed that the extracts of water-unsatisfied plants generally contained higher amounts of alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, glycosides, phytosterols, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids and reducing sugars.Conclusion: The employed biological evaluations point out to promising antimicrobial efficiency of alfalfa plants particularly when stressed

Deep Learning Approach for Chemistry and Processing History Prediction from Materials Microstructure

Finding the chemical composition and processing history from a microstructure morphology for heterogeneous materials is desired in many applications. While the simulation methods based on physical concepts such as the phase-field method can predict the spatio-temporal evolution of the materials’ microstructure, they are not efficient techniques for predicting processing and chemistry if a specific morphology is desired. In this study, we propose a framework based on a deep learning approach that enables us to predict the chemistry and processing history just by reading the morphological distribution of one element. As a case study, we used a dataset from spinodal decomposition simulation of Fe–Cr–Co alloy created by the phase-field method. The mixed dataset, which includes both images, i.e., the morphology of Fe distribution, and continuous data, i.e., the Fe minimum and maximum concentration in the microstructures, are used as input data, and the spinodal temperature and initial chemical composition are utilized as the output data to train the proposed deep neural network. The proposed convolutional layers were compared with pretrained EfficientNet convolutional layers as transfer learning in microstructure feature extraction. The results show that the trained shallow network is effective for chemistry prediction. However, accurate prediction of processing temperature requires more complex feature extraction from the morphology of the microstructure. We benchmarked the model predictive accuracy for real alloy systems with a Fe–Cr–Co transmission electron microscopy micrograph. The predicted chemistry and heat treatment temperature were in good agreement with the ground truth