Impact of the lipid-based nutrient supplements on prevention and treatment of childhood moderate undernutrition

Purpose: This review aims at assessing the effectiveness of LNS interventions for prevention and/or treatment of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), stunting and other anthropometric indicators for undernutrition in children younger than 5 years. Methodology: Eighteen clinical trials on LNS (soybased or milk-based) supplementation in children were compared with habitual diet/control or corn-soy blend (CSB). Mean changes in height for age (HAZ), weight for age (WAZ) and weight for height z-scores (WHZ) were assessed as primary outcomes. The secondary outcomes included: weight gain, height, mid upper arm circumference (MUAC), recovery from MAM, occurrence of fever, diarrhoea and cough. Findings: The pooled estimate revealed a statistically significant increase in WAZ (weighted mean difference [WMD] =0.09; 95%CI= 0.02, 0.15; p=0.01), WHZ (WMD=0.14; 95%CI= 0.01, 0.26; p=0.000) and improved recovery from MAM (Risk Ratio [RR] = 1.37; 95%CI= 1.14, 1.65; p=0.000) in children receiving LNS compared with control or CBS. No significant effect was observed in HAZ (WMD=0.00;95%CI=-0.02,0.03: p=0.578). Children fed with milk-based LNS (RR=1.68; 95%CI=1.17, 2.39; p=0.005) were more likely to recover significantly from MAM when compared with CSB. Conclusion: Although there is evidence that LNS yield better nutritional outcomes than CSB and control, it is impossible to conclude that the milk-based LNS are superior to soy-based LNS and whether age and duration of intervention significantly affect the effectiveness of LNS on childhood undernutrition. Further research is required before these products can be recommended at scale

Extractability of Thevetia peruviana glycosides with alcohol mixture

The aim of this work was to investigate the most effective extraction conditions for the production of thevetia seed protein concentrate of reduced cardiac glycoside content. Alcoholic extraction of theglycosides was studied as a function of time, solvent to meal ratio and solvent composition. Thevetia seed meal was extracted with 10:1, 15:1 and 20:1 solvent to meal ratios, for 45 min, 24, 48 and 72 h.Varying concentrations - 50 to 100% (v/v) aqueous alcohol - were also used. A concentration of 70 or 80% aqueous alcohol resulted in the lowest glycoside content, while a solvent to meal ratio of 15:1, extracted over a period of 72 h, appears to give the best compromise between glycoside extraction and cost of extraction solvent. All treatments resulted in an increase in the protein content of the samples

Effectiveness of Prisoner Reentry Programs for Reduction of Repeat Incarcerations in Nigeria

The persistently high rate of repeat incarcerations poses a threat to the safety of lives and properties. The problem that led to this study was the prevailing high rate of repeat incarcerations in Nigeria, despite interventions to reduce their occurrences. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of prisoner reentry programs in reducing reincarcerations of ex-prisoners. The focus of the research questions was on whether treatment and the type (faith- or non-faith-based) made a difference in a prisoner\u27s reincarceration status after release. The theoretical foundation was based on the transtheoretical model of change. Reincarceration outcomes were analyzed for 818 prisoners who were released between January 2010 and December 2013 from 3 prisons located in Lagos State, Nigeria. Data were obtained from the prison records on the reincarceration status of the subjects based on an at-risk period of 36 months after release. A propensity score matching procedure was used to select an equal number (n = 409) of treated subjects (those who participated in a prisoner reentry program) and untreated subjects (nonparticipants in the program). Findings from a Cox-regression analysis revealed that participating in any of the programs (faith- or non-faith-based) reduced reincarceration at a statistically significant level; however, there was no difference in reincarceration status based on the type of treatment received. Findings provide evidence that prisoner reentry programs can reduce reincarceration. With this knowledge, the reentry program providers may advocate more government supports for reentry activities. They may collaborate with the policymakers and legislators to develop strategies that will enhance the reintegration of ex-prisoners into communities and thereby prevent their return to crimes but ensure they are productive for themselves, their families and the community

Preliminary Studies on the effect of processing methods on the quality of three commonly consumed marine fishes in Nigeria

Three commonly available species of marine fishes in Nigeria, Clupea harengus, Scomber scombrus and Trachurus trachurus were subjected to boiling, frying and roasting and their effects on the fisheswere observed. Frying reduced the protein content for all the fish types with the effect very pronounced on Clupea harengus and Trachurus trachurus but made fish less susceptible to spoilage. Fresh and fried C. harengus had 62.7 % and 10.6 % protein content respectively, while T. trachurus had 57.3 % and 9.18 %, respectively. The ash content reduced with all the treatment methods for all the fish species except for boiled Scomber scombrus. Boiling in water gave fish with the best nutritive value overall. Scomber scombrus was the most nutritious (in terms of protein and mineral content) of the three and the nutritive value did not diminish with the method of preparation. It is also the mostpalatable in terms of flavour and texture. Trachurus trachurus had the least protein value and the protein was very unstable to the treatment methods. The third species, Clupea harengus is also rich inprotein but the protein content reduced with frying. Frying gave a better result when long-time preservation is of interest but boiling was the better processing method when preservation of nutrient is the focus. The results also showed that Scomber scombrus had the highest oil content (30.30%) followed by Clupea harengus (12.70%) while Trachurus trachurus has the lowest oil content (12.25) and irrespective of the processing method, the order remains unchanged. This work also shows that the effect of a treatment type on a fish sample is dependent on the fish species. The oils obtained from the fried fish samples had the least acid values in all cases, while the oils from the roasted samples had the highest saponification value

Nutritional and amino acid analysis of raw, partially fermented and completely fermented locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) seeds

The nutritional and amino acid analysis of raw and fermented seeds of Parkia biglobosa were carried out. Parameters investigated include moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, crude fibre and mineral contents; and the effect of the degree of fermentation on these parameters was also investigated. The amino acid compositions of all the samples were evaluated and amino acid quality determined by calculating amino acid scores and the predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER). Results showed that the proximate composition was significantly affected by fermentation, although there was little difference between the parameters for the partially fermented and completely fermented samples. Based on dry matter percentage, protein content was in the 39.77 – 43.74 % range while crude fibre ranged between 5.55 – 7.42 %. The ash content was lowest in the raw sample (2.34 %), while the fermented samples had ash contents between 4.27 and 8.33 % for the fully fermented and the partially fermented seeds, respectively. The fat content increased from 8.65 % in the raw seed to 24.4 % and 27.6 % for the partially and completely fermented samples, respectively. Results of the amino acid analysis showed that the partially fermented sample had the lowest quantities of all amino acids determined and had lysine as the limiting amino acid, whereas the raw and completely fermented samples had very similar amino acid profile with amino acid scores of 100, indicating that there are no limiting amino acids. All the samples were rich in essential amino acids. The P-PER also showed that the partially fermented sample had the lowest protein efficiency while the raw seed had the highest. Mineral contents generally increased from the raw, through the partially fermented, to the completely fermented seeds and results showed the samples to be good sources of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) in addition to being complementary sources of other metals. Locust bean seed does not accumulate lead and is, therefore, safe for consumption without the potential of food poisoning.Keywords: Fermentation, amino acid, locust bean, Parkia biglobosa, proximate composition, nutritional valu

Severity of Trauma Pain and Treatment Modalities in Children Attending Emergency Care Facility in a Tertiary Hospital- Preliminary Report

Trauma is increasing amongst the children and is an important cause of pain. Less analgesia, if any at all, is given to children for pain. There is the need for accurate diagnosis of trauma pain, determination of its severity in children and use of the most effective treatment regimen. The study was a prospective observational study carried out at the Accidents and Emergency Department of the University College Hospital, Ibadan. A total sampling of all paediatric patients presenting with trauma pain over a 11-month period was done. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain information about patients’ demographics, pain experiences and interventions at different time intervals. Thirteen patients participated in the research of which most (69.2%) were males Trauma was more common amongst toddlers and school age children. The most common cause of trauma pain was Motor Vehicular Accidents (46.2%). Most patients (46%) had mild pain as their worst previous pain experience; however, about 62% of the patients experienced severe pain at the time of presentation to the hospital. Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) were the most commonly used analgesics. Only about 15% of the participants had an opioid analgesic alone or with an NSAID. Pain from trauma as experienced by children in this environment is usually moderate to severe but suffers oligoanalgesia. A trauma pain treatment protocol should be developed to adequately address the needs of this patient population

Collection Development And Preservation Of Indigenous Knowledge In Selected Federal University Libraries In South West, Nigeria

Abstract In view of the importance of indigenous knowledge in development process, this paper investigated the efforts of selected federal university libraries in South West, Nigeria in indigenous knowledge collection development and preservation. The study adopted a descriptive survey design that involved the use structured questionnaire, unstructured interviews and observation as instruments for data collection. Seventy six (76) professional librarians constituted the target population of the study; therefore seventy six (76) copies of questionnaire were administered to the professional librarians in the selected university libraries. The data collected using the questionnaire complemented by interview and observation were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings from the study revealed the tremendous efforts of selected university libraries in IK collection development and preservation in the libraries as the study revealed the existence of IK materials. It also established that dearth of fund and linguistic problem were the challenges facing the collection development and preservation of IK in the selected university libraries. It therefore recommended that the university libraries should liaised with the international bodies for financial support for the sustainability of IK resources collection development and preservation in the libraries

Influence of Reading Habit on Perception and Use of Reference Sources by Postgraduate Students in the Faculty of Education of Ibadan, Nigeria

Abstract Libraries play a critical role in promoting reading habits. If postgraduate students cultivate the habits of reading, their perception and use of reference sources will be enhanced. The main objective is to determine the influence of reading habits on the perception and use of reference sources by postgraduates in the Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study and the study population consisted of 2503 postgraduate students of the Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the sample size of 337 and tie questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection. Data was analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics consisting of tables of frequency and percentage counts and Chi-Square statistical tools was used for the hypotheses formulated for the study. Findings revealed that most of the postgraduate students has very good reading habit as they indicated that they were good readers of reference sources. Majority of respondents 235 (64.9%) indicated that because of their reading habit they used a lot of reference sources. Results also showed that the reference services available to postgraduate students as noted by most of the respondents included consultancy services 209 (57.7%), answering of user\u27 queries 167 (46.1%) and abstracting and indexing 166 (45.9%). It was established that there was significant positive and strong influence (r = .900**; df = 361; P\u3c0.01) between reading habit and perception of postgraduate students on the use of reference sources. Results also showed that perception of postgraduate students on the use of reference sources has the highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.553**; P\u3c 0.01) It was concluded that our society has improved to a reading society and students especially postgraduates tend to read in other to achieve academic excellence. The study therefore recommended that university libraries have to build strong collections of information resources in physical and digital format to cater for knowledge requirements of their uses. University libraries in Nigeria need to be revitalized to and inundate it with recent information resources, and other academic materials will help to stimulate reading in the library

Mycoflora, Proximate Composition and Nutritional changes during the Storage of Oryza sativa.

The mycoflora and their effects on the proximate and nutritional composition of sundried rice were investigated after a 20-week period of storage. Seven fungi were isolated from the rice sample by dilution, direct plating and washing methods. They were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Absidia spp, Fusarium spp, Rhizopus spp, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus fumigates. The proximate analysis in g/100g revealed that moisture and protein contents increased during storage; moisture from 7.84 to 11.72 and protein from 11.45 to 12.56. While the ash, fat, fibre and carbohydrate contents reduced significantly throughout the storage period: ash (4.51 to 4.25), fat (2.04 to 1.57), fibre 10.27 to 8.52 and carbohydrate (63.72 to 61.28). The minerals (mg/100mg): Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn and P decreased significantly during storage. Na (41.26 to 38.50), K (97.55 to 90.43), Ca (5.36 to 4.25), Mg (3.78 to 3.20), Zn(3.54 to 3.12), Fe (2.18 to 2.00), Mn (1.25 to 1.02) and P (23.33 to 18.55). It was observed that the storage condition and rice nutrients encouraged fungal growth; thereby reducing the seeds weight and affecting their economic value. Some of these fungi produce toxins which are injurious to health when consumed. Hence, depletion of rice nutrients as a result of fungal contaminants would be prevented by storing rice in environmental condition unsuitable for fungal growth. Key words: Fungi, Proximate, Mineral, Sundried-rice, Stored ric

Mechanised shea butter production in south-western Nigeria using Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) approach from gate-to-gate

Agriculture and food processing, industry are among the largest industrial sectors that uses large amount of energy. Thus, a larger amount of gases from their fuel combustion technologies are being released into the environment. The study was therefore designed to assess each unit production processes in order to identify hotspots using life cycle assessments (LCA) approach in South-western Nigeria. Data such as machine power rating, operations duration, inputs and outputs of shea butter materials for unit processes obtained at site were used to modelled Life Cycle Impact Analysis (LCIA) on GaBi6 (Holistic Balancing) software.  Four scenarios were drawn for the impact assessments. Material sourcing from Kaiama, Scenarios 1, 3 and Minna Scenarios 2, 4 but different heat supply sources (Liquefied Petroleum Gas ‘LPG’ Scenarios 1, 2 and 10.8 kW Diesel Heater, scenarios 3, 4). Modelling of shea butter production on GaBi6 was for 1kg functional unit of shea butter produced and the tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) midpoint assessment was tool used to analyse the life cycle inventories of the four scenarios. Eight categories in all four Scenarios were observed, out of which two impact categories; Global Warming Potential (GWP) (0.613, 0.751, 0.661, 0.799) kg CO2­-Equiv., and Acidification Potential (AP) (0.112, 0.132, 0.129, 0.149) kg H+ moles-Equiv., had the greater impacts on the environment in Scenarios 1-4 respectively. Impacts from transportation activities were also seen to contribute more to these environmental impact categories due to large volume of petrol combusted leading to releases of gases such as CO2, CH4, N2O, SO2, and NOx into the environment during the transportation of raw shea kernel purchased. The ratio of transportation distance from Minna and Kaiama to production site was approximately 3.5. Shea butter unit processes with greater impacts in all categories was the packaging, milling and with the churning processes in ascending order of magnitude was identified as hotspots that may require attention. From the 1kg shea butter functional unit, it was inferred that locating production site at the shortest travelling distance to raw material sourcing and combustion of LPG for heating would reduce all the impact categories assessed in the environment