Supplement 1) Peer-reviewed paper

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary fatty acids (FA) on the fertility and hatchability of laying hens at the end-of-lay period (69 -77 weeks of age). Five isoenergetic (12.4 MJ ME/kg DM) and isonitrogenous (170 g CP/kg DM) diets were formulated using different lipid sources (30 g/kg inclusion) to manipulate the dietary FA profile. The control diet was formulated using a 50 : 50 blend of linseed and fish oil, while fish oil was used in the polyunsaturated n-3 treatment. Sunflower oil was used in the polyunsaturated n-6 treatment, while in the mono-unsaturated n-9 diet high oleic acid (HO) sunflower oil was used. Lastly, tallow was used as a lipid source in the saturated FA diet. One hundred and twenty five hens (n = 25/treatment) and 50 cockerels (n = 10/treatment) of the Hy-Line Silver-Brown genotype were randomly allocated to the five dietary treatments at 20 weeks of age. From 69 weeks of age, hens were inseminated with 0.06 mL undiluted semen from cockerels within the same dietary treatment. Between 71 and 78 weeks of age (49 days) a total of 588 eggs-per-treatment were collected, individually marked (date and hen number) and incubated in a single-stage still-air incubator. Eggs were candled on D7 and D14 to determine embryonic mortalities and a 24 h window for hatching was allowed (D21 + 24 h). Although the fish oil treatment resulted in the lowest egg weights (59.3 g) and fertility (84.6%), it recorded the highest hatchability (76%). In contrast, the sunflower oil treatment recorded the lowest hatchability (58.2%) of all treatments, despite its high egg fertility (89.6%). Results of the study suggest that the dietary fatty acid content, in particular the n-3 and n-6 levels, need critical consideration in terms of concentration and ratio in the formulation of breeder diets to limit embryonic mortalities during incubation

Evaluation of surgical resident staff knowledge of cancer pain: Assessment and treatment

Objective: Inadequate knowledge and expertise are major contributing factors to poor pain management in the cancer patient. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of formal teaching on pain management on the current practice of the resident surgeons at the University College Hospital (UCH). Ibadan. Method: Resident surgeons at different levels of their 4-year program responded to a questionnaire, which requested them to state their management of a hypothetical patient who had severe cancer pain and also asked questions on other issues relating to cancer pain therapy. Results: Sixteen resident doctors responded to the questionnaire. Mean number of years spent in residency was 2.1. More than 80% of the respondents had adequate knowledge of just taking the basic history of pain. Less than 50% indicated the need to seek information about associated symptoms, previous pain history, and the psychosocial history of the patient. Only 37% would examine the patient. On the general knowledge section, 11 (68%) of the respondents recommended parenteral opioids while only 9 prescribed oral opioids. Ten (69.5%) respondents prescribed NSAIDS in addition to opioids. All the resident doctors knew oral, IM and IV routes for analgesic therapy. The most common side effect of opioid analgesia listed was addiction. To the question of unrelieved pain, only 2 residents treated the patient appropriately. Conclusion: It is concluded that the resident's knowledge of cancer pain management id deficient and that the College should adopt a workshop approach to cancer pain management. KEY WORDS: Cancer pain management, Resident staff [Nig J Clinical Practice Vol.5(1) 2002: 10-13

Crystal and Molecular Structure of N-(2-morpholinoethyl)-2-oximato-1-phenylpropan-1-iminechloropalladium(II)

The crystal structure of N-(2-morpholinoethyl)-2-oximato-1-phenylpropan-1-iminechloropalladium(II), [Pd(L)Cl], has been determined from X-ray data collected by counter methods. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 with four molecules per unit cell, the dimensions of which are a=9.602(2), b=8.150(1), c=21.181(4) Å. Full matrix least-squares refinement gave a final R value of 0.042 for the 3218 independent observed reflections. The oxime ligand is deprotonated and is acting as a tridentate ligand coordinating to the palladium through the oxime nitrogen, the imine nitrogen, and the tertiary amine nitrogen of the morpholine moiety. To complete four-coordination about the palladium atom, a chloride ion is also attached to the central metal atom. The donor atoms plus the palladium atom are planar. © 1986 Plenum Publishing Corporation

The effect of dietary lipid sources on layer fertility and hatchability

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary fatty acids (FA) on the fertility and hatchability of laying hens at the end-of-lay period (69 - 77 weeks of age). Five isoenergetic (12.4 MJ ME/kg DM) and isonitrogenous (170 g CP/kg DM) diets were formulated using different lipid sources (30 g/kg inclusion) to manipulate the dietary FA profile. The control diet was formulated using a 50 : 50 blend of linseed and fish oil, while fish oil was used in the polyunsaturated n-3 treatment. Sunflower oil was used in the polyunsaturated n-6 treatment, while in the mono-unsaturated n-9 diet high oleic acid (HO) sunflower oil was used. Lastly, tallow was used as a lipid source in the saturated FA diet. One hundred and twenty five hens (n = 25/treatment) and 50 cockerels (n = 10/treatment) of the Hy-Line Silver-Brown genotype were randomly allocated to the five dietary treatments at 20 weeks of age. From 69 weeks of age, hens were inseminated with 0.06 mL undiluted semen from cockerels within the same dietary treatment. Between 71 and 78 weeks of age (49 days) a total of 588 eggs-per-treatment were collected, individually marked (date and hen number) and incubated in a single-stage still-air incubator. Eggs were candled on D7 and D14 to determine embryonic mortalities and a 24 h window for hatching was allowed (D21 + 24 h). Although the fish oil treatment resulted in the lowest egg weights (59.3 g) and fertility (84.6%), it recorded the highest hatchability (76%). In contrast, the sunflower oil treatment recorded the lowest hatchability (58.2%) of all treatments, despite its high egg fertility (89.6%). Results of the study suggest that the dietary fatty acid content, in particular the n-3 and n-6 levels, need critical consideration in terms of concentration and ratio in the formulation of breeder diets to limit embryonic mortalities during incubation.Keywords: Chicks, embryo, mortality, mono-, polyunsaturated fatty acid

May the Force Be with You! Force-Volume Mapping with Atomic Force Microscopy

Information of the chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties of materials can be obtained using force volume mapping (FVM), a measurement mode of scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Protocols have been developed with FVM for a broad range of materials, including polymers, organic films, inorganic materials, and biological samples. Multiple force measurements are acquired with the FVM mode within a defined 3D volume of the sample to map interactions (i.e., chemical, electrical, or physical) between the probe and the sample. Forces of adhesion, elasticity, stiffness, deformation, chemical binding interactions, viscoelasticity, and electrical properties have all been mapped at the nanoscale with FVM. Subsequently, force maps can be correlated with features of topographic images for identifying certain chemical groups presented at a sample interface. The SPM tip can be coated to investigate-specific reactions; for example, biological interactions can be probed when the tip is coated with biomolecules such as for recognition of ligand-receptor pairs or antigen-antibody interactions. This review highlights the versatility and diverse measurement protocols that have emerged for studies applying FVM for the analysis of material properties at the nanoscale