Crisis climática y objetivos de desarrollo sostenible: Un enfoque desde la perspectiva de la producción animal, el consumo de carne y los efectos sociales

El objetivo del presente trabajo es la realización de una síntesis sobre las múltiples y complejas relaciones existentes entre los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y el ámbito de la producción animal, prestando una especial atención a sus implicaciones y consecuencias derivadas de la actual crisis climática. La Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible de Naciones Unidas presenta 17 ODS, que integran, de forma indivisible, las tres dimensiones del desarrollo sostenible, siendo estos pilares: el social, ambiental y económico. El sector ganadero tiene un notable rol y un significativo potencial para la implementación y consecución de dichos Objetivos, enfocadas sus posibles intervenciones desde diferentes perspectivas que se desarrollan a lo largo del presente trabajo. Entre los enfoques se abarcan las relaciones generales entre los ODS y la ganadería (especialmente centrado en rumiantes), diversas estrategias para la puesta en práctica de los ODS, el impacto de la crisis climática a nivel productivo, sus estrategias adaptativas y de mitigación. Entre los impactos sociales se identifica la movilidad humana forzada y el riesgo de hambrunas e insuficiencia alimentaria. Por último, se analiza el impacto de la producción de carne y su consumo en dietas sostenibles. The objective of this paper is to carry out a synthesis about the multiple and complex relationships between the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with the field of animal production, paying special at-tention to its implications and consequences derived from the current climate change. The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development presents 17 SDGs, which integrate, in an indivisible way, the three dimensions of sustainable development, being these pillars: social, environmental and economic. The livestock sector has a remarkable role and significant potential for the implementation and achievement of these objectives, focusing its possible interventions from different perspectives that will be developed throughout this article. Approaches include the general relationships between the SDGs and livestock, various strategies for the implementation of the SDGs, the impact of the climate crisis on animal production and its implications at social level. As well as, aspects related to climatic migrants and food production, analyzing also the impact of meat production and its consumption on sustainable diets

Consumer Acceptability of Dry Cured Meat from Cull Ewes Reared with Different Linseed Supplementation Levels and Feeding Durations

Dry cured meatcecina''is a traditional, although not well-known, dry product that could add value to cull ewes. Because of this, the aim of the study was to assess consumer acceptability of cecina'' from cull ewes finished with different levels of linseed (5, 10 or 15%) for different periods before slaughtering (30, 50 or 70 days). One hundred and fifty consumers evaluated colour acceptability, fatness and odour, flavour and overall acceptability of cecina'' from those 9 treatments. Additionally, habits of consumption of cured products and preferences for different species and willingness to pay for cecina'' were investigated. Linseed supplementation was identified as the most important factor for sensorial attributes (p < 0.01), with the preferred cecina'' being that with 5% and 10% supplementation. Feeding duration only modified the fatness acceptability (p < 0.01). Cecina'' from small ruminants is a product consumed occasionally by the majority of participants; however, it presented an adequate overall acceptability. Consequently, elaborating cecina'' would be a feasible strategy to improve the income of farmers

Influence of transport duration and season on sensory meat quality in rabbits

Little is known about the effect that journey duration and position on the vehicle have on the sensory aspects of meat quality in rabbits. In this study, 156 rabbits were transported by road in a commercial truck for 1 h or 7 h in one of three replicates in summer or winter. After slaughter, slices from the left side of the longissimus dorsi muscle were vacuum-packaged and chilled at -18 ºC until the sensory analysis to assess odour, tenderness, juiciness, fibrousity, greasiness, and flavour intensity. Overall, the journey duration had a significant effect (P<0.05) on tenderness, fi brousity and overall liking of the meat, being better the results of the meat samples from the short transport treatment. Season had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the intensity of off-odours, being obtained the highest scores in summer transports. There was a significant interaction effect (P<0.05) of journey time and season on tenderness and meat odour. Therefore, meat from short journeys in summer was the most tender, and meat from long journeys in winter was the toughest. The position on the truck (in multi-layered cages) do not influence sensory meat quality. Therefore, rabbit sensory meat quality can be affected by transport time.Funded by CICYT Ministry of Science and Technology of Spain. Project AGL 2002-01346 COTRANSMaría, GA.; Liste, G.; Campo, M.; Villarroel, M.; Sañudo, C.; Olleta, J.; Alierta, S. (2010). Influence of transport duration and season on sensory meat quality in rabbits. World Rabbit Science. 16(2). doi:10.4995/wrs.2008.63016

Effects of whole linseed and rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid enriched diets on beef quality

Instrumental assessments and sensory tests were performed to evaluate the effects of diet and postmortem ageing time (1, 7 and 21 days) on beef quality. A total of 48 Friesian calves were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments: control, whole linseed (10% linseed), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (2% protected CLA), and whole linseed+CLA (10% linseed and 2% protected CLA). Animals were slaughtered at 458±16.6 kg live weight and 11 months of age. Ageing was more significant than diet on most instrumental parameters. Meat from linseed enriched diets had greater drip loss (P=0.001) and intramuscular fat (P=0.01) than meat from animals fed CLA. Beef aged for 7 and 21 days had lower cooking losses (P=0.01) and shear force (P=0.001) than beef aged for 1 day. Lightness was affected only by display time. The addition of CLA in the diet increased hue and yellowness, whereas the inclusion of linseed decreased these values, as well as increased redness. Linseed in the diet decreased fat odour (P=0.05), but increased beef (P=0.01) and liver (P=0.05) flavours. Meat aged for 21 days was significantly more rancid (P=0.001), even under vacuum storage. Several organoleptic properties were improved with the inclusion of linseed in the diet, whereas they remained unaffected by the inclusion of CLA

Estudio comparativo de la calidad de la canal y la carne de lechales de raza Churra Tensina y dos tipos ovinos comerciales amparados bajo marcas de calidad

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the rearing and slaughtering season (spring vs. autumn) on the carcass and meat quality of suckling lambs from Churra Tensina breed (n= 26), and to compared the results with two commercial lambs within Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Lechazo de Castilla-León (n= 13) and Ternasco de Aragón (n= 13). All animals were reared, selected and slaughtered under commercial conditions. After slaughter, carcass and meat quality were evaluated in the Longissimus thoracis lumborum (LTL) muscle. Slaughter season mainly affected both the tissue composition of the carcass, presenting Churra Tensina breed suckling lambs from spring greater muscle and bone, and lower fat percentages (p=0.001) and a higher proportion of fatty acids: C 12:0, CLA, C 20:2 n-3 and C 22:0 (p=0.001) in IMF. However, those differences in quality were not reflected when sensory methodologies (trained panel or consumers analyses) were conducted. Related to commercial lambs from the GPI’s studied, meat from Churra Tensina breed showed a higher tenderness (p=0.001) evaluated by instrumental and sensory (trained panel), as well as a higher scores in overall, flavour or tenderness acceptabilities evaluated by consumers (p=0.001). Results would indicate a good potential of the Churra Tensina breed to produce high quality suckling lambs, in both seasons of the year

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy for predicting the phospholipid fraction and the total fatty acid composition of freeze-dried beef

Research on fatty acids (FA) is important because their intake is related to human health. NIRS can be a useful tool to estimate the FA of beef but due to the high moisture and the high absorbance of water makes it difficult to calibrate the analyses. This work evaluated near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy as a tool to assess the total fatty acid composition and the phospholipid fraction of fatty acids of beef using freeze-dried meat. An average of 22 unrelated pure breed young bulls from 15 European breeds were reared on a common concentrate-based diet. A total of 332 longissimus thoracis steaks were analysed for fatty acid composition and a freeze-dried sample was subjected to near-infrared spectral analysis. 220 samples (67%) were used as a calibration set with the remaining 110 (33%) being used for validation of the models obtained. There was a large variation in the total FA concentration across the animals giving a good data set for the analysis and whilst the coefficient of variation was nearly 68% for the monounsaturated FA it was only 27% for the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). PLS method was used to develop the prediction models. The models for the phospholipid fraction had a low R2 p and high standard error, while models for neutral lipid had the best performance, in general. It was not possible to obtain a good prediction of many individual PUFA concentrations being present at low concentrations and less variable than other FA. The best models were developed for Total FA, saturated FA, 9c18:1 and 16:1 with R2 p greater than 0.76. This study indicates that NIRS is a feasible and useful tool for screening purposes and it has the potential to predict most of the FA of freeze-dried beef. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Estudio comparativo de la calidad de la canal y la carne de lechales de raza Churra Tensina y dos tipos ovinos comerciales amparados bajo marcas de calidad

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the rearing and slaughtering season (spring vs. autumn) on the carcass and meat quality of suckling lambs from Churra Tensina breed (n= 26), and to compared the results with two commercial lambs within Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Lechazo de Castilla-León (n= 13) and Ternasco de Aragón (n= 13). All animals were reared, selected and slaughtered under commercial conditions. After slaughter, carcass and meat quality were evaluated in the Longissimus thoracis lumborum (LTL) muscle. Slaughter season mainly affected both the tissue composition of the carcass, presenting Churra Tensina breed suckling lambs from spring greater muscle and bone, and lower fat percentages (p=0.001) and a higher proportion of fatty acids: C 12:0, CLA, C 20:2 n-3 and C 22:0 (p=0.001) in IMF. However, those differences in quality were not reflected when sensory methodologies (trained panel or consumers analyses) were conducted. Related to commercial lambs from the GPI’s studied, meat from Churra Tensina breed showed a higher tenderness (p=0.001) evaluated by instrumental and sensory (trained panel), as well as a higher scores in overall, flavour or tenderness acceptabilities evaluated by consumers (p=0.001). Results would indicate a good potential of the Churra Tensina breed to produce high quality suckling lambs, in both seasons of the year

Influencia de la raza sobre la aceptabilidad en el hogar de la carne de cabrito y comparación con la especie ovina

Las razas autóctonas caprinas españolas de aptitud cárnica, aunque cuentan con un censo relativamente escaso (22.000 cabezas en pureza), cumplen una importante misión como agentes valorizadores de zonas y recursos marginales y suponen una importante reserva de nuestro patrimonio genético. Desgraciadamente, en muchos casos, ni el potencial productivo ni la calidad de sus productos están medianamente estudiados. De todas las especies de rumiantes que existen en España, la única que no posee ninguna marca de calidad es la especie caprina. La consecución de alguna distinción de este tipo podría ayudar a mejorar las rentas de los productores, a la propia subsistencia de las distintas agrupaciones y a la revalorización de la carne de esta especie. Por otra parte, existe la creencia de que los resultados de investigación que se pueden obtener con otras especies (bovino y ovino fundamentalmente) pueden ser fácilmente aplicables a las cabras, lo cual es definitivamente incierto debido a las múltiples especificidades de la especie caprina, incluyendo su carne (Sierra y Sañudo, 1987; Morand- Fehr y Lebbie, 2004). Por todo ello, se plantea el siguiente objetivo: Estudio de la apreciación global, por parte del consumidor en condiciones reales de cocinado en el hogar, de la calidad de la carne del cabrito de diversas razas caprinas en comparación con ovinos lechales, que podrían ser considerados como un producto de calidad de referencia.Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología (CICYT) AGL2005-05777-C02-01/GA

Effect of dietary grape pomace on fattening rabbit performance, fatty acid composition, and shelf life of meat

The use of agroindustry by-products in animal diets allows the use of residues that are not fit for human consumption. In this study, it was investigated whether fattening commercial rabbits during 30 days with a non-medicated feed, with 20% addition of grape pomace (GPD), affected production traits and the fatty acid composition, antioxidants properties, and the shelf life of the meat compared to a conventional strategy (CON). Furthermore, it was tested, by chromatographic analysis, whether this alternative diet allowed the transfer of phenolic compounds to the meat. Thirty-six weaned rabbits were allotted to the two treatments. In each treatment, 18 rabbits were fattened in three indoor cages, each housing three males and three female rabbits. No significant differences were found in live weights (p > 0.05), but the feed conversion rate and carcass weight and yield were found to be impaired in the GPD group (p = 0.05). The GPD group had a higher intramuscular fat percentage (2.01 vs. 1.54), improved polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio (0.75 vs. 0.66), and better atherogenicity (0.71 vs. 0.83) and thrombogenicity (1.14 vs. 1.24) indexes, while the n-6/n-3 ratio was higher (25.4 vs. 20.3). Total volatile basic nitrogen in meat was lower in the GPD group (p = 0.01), suggesting a delayed spoilage. However, no improvements in total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, reducing power, and lipid oxidation (p > 0.05) were found in the meat. Even though the GPD pellets offered to the animals had several grape-derived phenolic compounds, and higher antioxidant properties compared to the CON diet, none of the phenolic compounds detected in feeds were detected in the meat samples. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Características de la canal y de la carne en la raza caprina Bermeya. Comparación con el Ternasco de Aragón y lechales de la raza Murciano-Granadina

Se ha estudiado la calidad de la raza caprina Bermeya: lechales ligeros (BL) y cabritos pesados de explotación tradicional (BP), que se compararon con productos reconocidos (lechal de la raza Murciano-Granadina (MG) y corderos amparados bajo la IGP Ternasco de Aragón (TA). Los animales fueron criados y sacrificados en condiciones comerciales, y seleccionados por las respectivas Asociaciones de Productores y Consejo Regulador. Los porcentajes de hueso y músculo fueron mayores, y el de grasa inferior, en Bermeya (P < 0,001), encontrándose, igualmente, diferencias en la composición química de la carne. Los animales bermeyos presentaron valores de pH superiores (P < 0,001) a los de MG o TA. Los BP presentaron un índice de rojo y croma mayor respecto a BL. Tanto el tipo de animal como el tiempo de maduración afectaron significativamente a la textura. Así, MG mostró el mayor valor al 20% de compresión (C20) a 2 días de maduración (P < 0,001) y el TA los menores al 80% de compresión (C80) en todos los tiempos de maduración (P < 0,001). Se observaron diferencias significativas en casi todos los ácidos grasos analizados y en la intensidad de olor a especie (P < 0,05), terneza, jugosidad e intensidad de flavor a especie (P < 0,001), valoradas por un panel entrenado. En aceptabilidad global y de la terneza (consumidores), BL presentaron puntuaciones superiores (P < 0,001) a BP, aunque inferiores a las de los productos de referencia. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren, no obstante, una buena aceptación de los productos de la raza Bermeya y un cierto grado de diferenciación con los productos con los que han sido comparados Meat quality characteristics from Bermeya goat breed were studied. Light suckling kids (n = 12) and heavy kids from the traditional production system (n = 10) were compared with reference products from the Spanish market (suckling kids from Murciano-Granadina breed (MG); n = 12 and light lamb included in the Ternasco de Aragón Protected Geographic Indication (TA); n = 12). Animals were reared and slaughtered under commercial conditions, and selected from the respective Breeder Associations. Bermeya carcasses showed greater percentage of bone and muscle (P < 0.001), and lower percentage of fat in comparison with the other types, differing also in the chemical meat composition. pH values were higher in both Bermeya breed types than in MG and TA. Redness and Chroma increased with age in the Bermeya breed. Both type of animal and ageing affected textural variables. Murciano-Granadina meat showed the highest value of compression at 20% (C20) at 2 days of ageing (P < 0.001) and TA the smallest at 80% of compression rate (C80) at all the ageing times analyzed (P < 0.001). Differences between commercial types were observed both in most fatty acids and in the intensity of species odor (P < 0.05), tenderness, juiciness and specie flavour (P < 0.001) evaluated by trained panelists. A higher tenderness and overall acceptability scores were given by consumers to light Bermeya in comparison with heavy Bermeya kids (P < 0.001), and both were lower than those of the reference products. Results suggest a good acceptability and certain degree of differentiation from Bermeya breed products with respect to those compared with