Impact potentiel du mécanisme de développement propre dans l'avenir des cultures pérennes : état des négociations internationales et analyse prospective à travers l'exemple de la filière de production du caoutchouc naturel

For several years now, most policies have tended to speak of "clean" and "sustainable" development. Of all the international agreements, only the Internation Convention on Climate Change, with its Kyoto Protocol, attempts to bring in original financial mechanisms based on market dynamics allowing the additional costs of such an approach to be covered. On the eve of COP 7, this paper describes the current state of the negotiations relative to procedures for implementing the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); then, taking an example from tree crops, it goes on to analyse the application of eligibility criteria to natural rubber cultivation, taking into account the carbon balance of the natural rubber commodity chain in relation to synthetic rubber production, The potential impact of utilizing carbon (be it sequestrated or not emitted) in the economic strategy of the natural rubber commodity chain is then discussed. Lastly, lessons are also drown for the other tree crops. (Résumé d'auteur

Repenser l'agriculture pour anticiper les impacts locaux du changement climatique

Du fait du changement climatique en cours, il devient essentiel de s'intéresser à la place de l'agriculture dans les sociétés humaines. D'une part, les systèmes de production agricole actuels, particulièrement dans les zones en développement, risque d'être dépassés par l'ampleur et la brutalité des changements attendus ; d'autre part, cette activité doit dès à présent mieux être intégrée aux nombreuses autres problématiques globales qui se posent actuellement. Réussir à faire que l'agriculture soit à la fois productrice d'aliments, une solution d'adaptation et d'atténuation en réponse aux changements climatiques, une réelle voie de développement pour les pays qui en ont besoin ... tels sont les enjeux actuels pour les sociétés humaines. Le changement climatique impose de repenser les pratiques, ce papier propose des réponses capables d'entraîner un réel changement de paradigme productif et une évolution profonde du rôle que joue l'agriculture dans la société. (Résumé d'auteur

Ethical reflection in dentistry: first steps at the Faculty of Dental Surgery of Toulouse.

International audienceThe goal of this work is to contribute to ethical reflection in the dental profession through the example of a survey of ethical reflection and ethical issues in dentistry conducted at the dental school of Toulouse. A written survey was given to the heads of departments and to the sixth-year students and also to the dental faculty at the hospital dental clinic in order to estimate their level of understanding and concern about these topics

The spatio-temporal dynamics of neutral genetic diversity

International audienceThe notions of pulled and pushed solutions of reaction-dispersal equations introduced by Garnier et al. (2012) and Roques et al. (2012) are based on a decomposition of the solutions into several components. In the framework of population dynamics, this decomposition is related to the spatio-temporal evolution of the genetic structure of a population. The pulled solutions describe a rapid erosion of neutral genetic diversity, while the pushed solutions are associated with a maintenance of diversity. This paper is a survey of the most recent applications of these notions to several standard models of population dynamics, including reaction-diffusion equations and systems and integro-differential equations. We describe several counterintuitive results, where unfavorable factors for the persistence and spreading of a population tend to promote diversity in this population. In particular, we show that the Allee effect, the existence of a competitor species, as well as the presence of climate constraints are factors which can promote diversity during a colonization. We also show that long distance dispersal events lead to a higher diversity, whereas the existence of a nonreproductive juvenile stage does not affect the neutral diversity in a range-expanding population

The incidence and types of physical contact associated with body checking regulation experience in 13–14 year old Ice Hockey players

Background: Ice hockey has one of the highest sport participation and injury rates in youth in Canada. Body checking (BC) is the predominant mechanism of injury in leagues in which it is permitted. The objectives of this study were to determine whether the incidence and types of physical contact differ for Bantam players (aged 13–14 years) who were exposed to BC at Pee Wee level (aged 11–12 years) in Calgary, Alberta versus Bantam players who were not exposed to BC at Pee Wee level in Québec City, Québec. All teams were exposed to BC at bantam level; Methods: A cohort study was conducted in Québec City and Calgary. Sixteen games for Calgary and 15 for Québec City were randomly selected and analysed with a validated observation system to quantify five intensities of physical contact and to observe different types of physical contact such as slashing and holding; Results: A total of 5610 incidences of physical contact with the trunk and 3429 other types of physical contact were observed. Very light intensity trunk contact was more frequent in Calgary (adjusted incidence RR (ARR): 1.71; 95% CI: 1.28–2.29). Holding (ARR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.02–1.07) and slashing (ARR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.07–1.77) were more frequent in Calgary; Conclusion: Results suggest that players’ physical contacts differ between Bantam leagues in which BC was permitted at Pee Wee level and leagues in which it was not permitted until Bantam level. View Full-Tex