Intramural duodenal hematoma secondary to pancreatitis: case report and review of the literature

sem informaçãoSpontaneous intramural duodenal hematoma is uncommon and is usually associated with coagulopathy, anticoagulant therapy and endoscopic procedures. The aim here was to describe a case of intramural duodenal hematoma caused by chronic exacerbation of pancre1366597601sem informaçãosem informaçãosem informaçã

Quantifying the interdisciplinarity of scientific journals and fields

There is an overall perception of increased interdisciplinarity in science, but this is difficult to confirm quantitatively owing to the lack of adequate methods to evaluate subjective phenomena. This is no different from the difficulties in establishing quantitative relationships in human and social sciences. In this paper we quantified the interdisciplinarity of scientific journals and science fields by using an entropy measurement based on the diversity of the subject categories of journals citing a specific journal. The methodology consisted in building citation networks using the Journal Citation Reports database, in which the nodes were journals and edges were established based on citations among journals. The overall network for the 11-year period (1999-2009) studied was small-world and scale free with regard to the in-strength. Upon visualizing the network topology an overall structure of the various science fields could be inferred, especially their interconnections. We confirmed quantitatively that science fields are becoming increasingly interdisciplinary, with the degree of interdisplinarity (i.e. entropy) correlating strongly with the in-strength of journals and with the impact factor.Comment: 23 pages, 6 figure

Nonlinear electromagnetic stabilization of ITG microturbulence by ICRF-driven fast ions in ASDEX Upgrade

Electromagnetic waves in the range of Ion Cyclotron Resonance Frequencies (ICRF) have many applications in fusion devices. While their use for external heating of magnetically confined fusion plasmas is well established, their effects on the enhancement of the plasma confinement by microturbulence stabilization have only been recently discovered [1,2]. For this effect a key parameter of merit is α=−q2βR∇P/P where R is the tokamak major radius, β is the plasma beta, q is the safety factor and P is the plasma pressure. By increasing a local plasma pressure gradient and/or beta by ICRF-accelerated resonant ions, we can decrease turbulent transport driven by microinstabilities. We investigate the impact of ICRF-accelerated fast ions in the stabilization of microturbulence in two ASDEX Upgrade H-mode discharges [3]. In these discharges, in addition to 4.5 MW of deuterium NBI, 3.5 MW of ICRF power was applied at a frequency of 30 MHz tuned to a centrally located 3He minority resonance. The location of the 3He minority resonance was varied by about 10 cm by changing the toroidal magnetic field from 2.8 T in discharge 31562 to 3 T in discharge 31563. The plasma current was 0.6 MA and the main ion species was deuterium. An increase of up to 80% in the central ion temperature was measured, from 3 keV to 5.5 keV, as compared to the reference discharge 31555 with NBI heating only (c.f. Fig. 1). The normalized logarithmic ion temperature gradient, R/LTi, reached a high value of about 20, corresponding to a radial gradient of the Ti profile of about 50 keV/m. The 3He ion density is below 5% of the electron density in all discharges. Thus, the possible effect of main ion dilution [4] on microturbulence stabilization is not expected to be significant.This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under the grant agreement No 633053. The views and opinion expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. We would also like to thank Red Española de Supercomputación (RES) for the resources granted, as well as the CINECA resources granted through the MARCONI-Fusion project.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version