The institutional approach about of the international trade in counterpoint to theory of the comparative advantages : the japanese system of innovations.

O presente trabalho analisa a vis?o institucional em rela??o ? participa??o de uma na??o no com?rcio internacional ? e o impacto que as mudan?as institucionais no longo prazo acabam tendo sobre a lideran?a tecnol?gica mundial ? em contraponto ? Teoria das vantagens comparativas ao tratar desta quest?o. A argumenta??o aqui defendida, com base em uma pesquisa hist?rica/ bibliogr?fica, ? que a vis?o institucional pode dar uma resposta consistente para explicar as mudan?as ocorridas nas ?ltimas d?cadas na posi??o de pa?ses como o Jap?o, por exemplo, enquanto players na arena do com?rcio internacional em produtos de alto valor agregado. Isto ocorre devido ao fato de a Economia Institucional levar em conta a diversidade de fatores que afetam o desempenho de uma na??o, como por exemplo, o investimento em educa??oThe present work analyzes the institutional vision regarding the participation of a nation in international trade - and the impact that changes in long-term institutional end up taking on the global technology leadership in counterpoint the Theory of comparative advantage - when dealing this issue. The argumentation advocated here, based on a history / bibliographical research, it is that the institutional view can give a consistent answer to explain the changes in recent decades in the position of countries like Japan, for example, while players in the arena of international trade in high value-added products. This occurs due to the fact of the Institutional Economics take account the diversity of factors that affect the performance of a nation, like for example, the investment in educatio

Crude protein of pastures of grass napier submitted organic fertilization and mineral

Todos os textos, informa??es e resultados apresentados s?o de inteira responsabilidade dos autores.Parte da inicia??o cient?fica do primeiro autor, financiada pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia??o Cient?fica, em Desenvolvimento Tecnol?gico e Inova??o - PIBICTI/IF Sudeste MG.Bruno Grossi Costa Homem, publicado no artigo como segundo autor: Bruno Gossi Costa Homem.Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os teores de prote?na bruta (PB) do capim-Napier, manejado como pastejo, sob dois n?veis de aduba??o mineral e dois n?veis de aduba??o org?nica. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos, com quatro repeti??es. Os tratamentos foram compostos por duas doses de aduba??o mineral (133 e 200 Kg de N ha-1), duas de aduba??o org?nica (133 e 200 Kg de N ha-1) e mais uma testemunha. As aduba??es foram parceladas em quatro aplica??es posteriormente ao corte de desbastamento e ao corte realizado de acordo com altura de manejo de pastejo da cultivar Napier (1 m de entrada e 0,5 m de sa?da). A aduba??o org?nica foi realizada com cama sobreposta de su?no e para a aduba??o qu?mica foi usada ureia. As quantidades de cloreto de pot?ssio e superfosfato triplo nas aduba??es minerais foram determinadas de acordo com o n?vel de pot?ssio e f?sforo na cama sobreposta de su?no. As amostras foram secadas em estufa de ventila??o for?ada a 65 ?C, mo?das em moinho tipo Willey com peneira de 1 mm e, posteriormente, as amostras foram submetidas an?lises de PB pelo m?todo Kjeldahl. Foi observado que os dois n?veis de aduba??o mineral apresentaram maior valor de PB (P>0,05), entretanto os dois n?veis de aduba??o org?nica na forma de cama sobreposta de su?no apresentaram maior teor de PB que a testemunha, mostrando que a cama sobreposta tem potencial para ser utilizada na aduba??o de pastagens de capim-Napier. Os dois n?veis de aduba??o mineral promoveram maiores teores de PB em rela??o ?s aduba??es org?nica com cama sobreposta de suinocultura.The objective of this study was to evaluate the crude protein (CP) of Napier grass, as managed grazing under two levels of mineral fertilizer and two levels of organic fertilization. The experimental design was in blocks with four replications. The treatments consisted of two doses of mineral fertilizer (133 and 200 kg N ha-1), two organic fertilization (133 and 200 kg N ha-1) and another witness. Fertilization was divided in four applications later cutting chopping and cutting carried out according to height and grazing management cultivar Napier (1 m and 0.5 m input output). The organic fertilization was performed with superimposed pig bed and the chemical fertilizer was used urea. The quantities of potassium chloride and triple super phosphate in the mineral fertilizers have been determined according to the level of potassium and phosphorus in the overlapping porcine bed. The samples were dried in a forced ventilation oven at 65 ? C, ground in a Wiley mill with a 1 mm sieve and subsequently the samples were subjected to analysis by the Kjeldahl method PB. It was observed that the two levels of mineral fertilizer showed higher value of CP (P> 0.05), however the two levels of organic fertilizer in the form of superimposed pig bed had higher content of CP that the witness, showing that the bunk bed It has the potential to be used in the fertilization of Napier grass pastures. The two levels of mineral fertilization promoted higher crude protein content in relation to organic fertilization with superimposed swine bed

Dry mass production in pastures of grass napier undergoing organic fertilizations and mineral

Todos os textos, informa??es e resultados apresentados s?o de inteira responsabilidade dos autores.Parte da inicia??o cient?fica do primeiro autor, financiada pelo Programa de Bolsas de Inicia??o Cient?fica, Tecnol?gica e Inova??o (PIBICTI/IF Sudeste MG).Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a produ??o de massa seca (MS) do capim-Napier, manejado como pastejo, sob dois n?veis de aduba??o mineral e dois n?veis de aduba??o org?nica. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos, com quatro repeti??es. Os tratamentos foram compostos por duas doses de aduba??o mineral (133 e 200 Kg de N ha-1), duas de aduba??o org?nica (133 e 200 Kg de N ha-1) e mais uma testemunha. As aduba??es foram parceladas em quatro aplica??es posteriormente ao corte de desbastamento e ao corte realizado de acordo com altura de manejo de pastejo da cultivar Napier (1 m de entrada e 0,5 m de sa?da). A aduba??o org?nica foi realizada com cama sobreposta de su?no e para a aduba??o qu?mica foi usada ureia. As quantidades de cloreto de pot?ssio e super fosfato triplo nas aduba??es minerais foram determinadas de acordo com o n?vel de pot?ssio e f?sforo na cama sobreposta de su?no. As amostras foram secadas em estufa de ventila??o for?ada a 65 ?C para a avalia??o da massa seca. N?o foi observado efeito (P>0,05) entre os diferentes tratamentos na produ??o de mat?ria seca. Para a avalia??o dos cortes foi observado um incremento na produ??o de MS do primeiro corte para o quarto, sendo que o 3? e 4? cortes tiveram uma maior produ??o e o 1? menor produ??o. N?o houve diferen?a na produ??o de mat?ria seca entre os n?veis de aduba??o mineral e org?nica na forma de cama sobreposta de su?no. Entre os corte foi observado maior produ??o de mat?ria seca nos 3? e 4? cortes.The objective of this study was to evaluate the dry matter production of Napier grass, as managed grazing under two levels of mineral fertilizer and two levels of organic fertilization. The experimental design was in blocks with four replications. The treatments consisted of two doses of mineral fertilizer (133 and 200 kg N ha-1), two organic fertilization (133 and 200 kg N ha-1) and another witness. Fertilization was subsequently divided in four applications to the cutting chopping and cutting performed in accordance with pasture management height cultivating Napier (1 m 0.5 m input and output). The organic fertilization was performed with superimposed pig bed and the chemical fertilizer was used urea. The quantities of potassium chloride and triple superphosphate in mineral fertilizers were determined in accordance with the phosphorus and potassium levels in the overlapping porcine bed. The samples were dried in a forced ventilation oven at 65 ? C for the evaluation of the dry mass. For the evaluation of the cuts was observed an increase in dry matter production of first cut to the room, and the 3? and 4? cuts had a higher production and lower production 1?. No differences in dry matter production between the levels of mineral and organic fertilizer in the form of superimposed pig bed. Among the court there was a higher dry matter yield in the 3rd and 4th cuts

Update on the approach to smoking in patients with respiratory diseases.

Smoking is the leading cause of respiratory disease (RD). The harmful effects of smoking on the respiratory system begin in utero and influence immune responses throughout childhood and adult life. In comparison with ?healthy? smokers, smokers with RD have peculiarities that can impede smoking cessation, such as a higher level of nicotine dependence; nicotine withdrawal; higher levels of exhaled carbon monoxide; low motivation and low self-efficacy; greater concern about weight gain; and a high prevalence of anxiety and depression. In addition, they require more intensive, prolonged treatment. It is always necessary to educate such individuals about the fact that quitting smoking is the only measure that will reduce the progression of RD and improve their quality of life, regardless of the duration and severity of the disease. Physicians should always offer smoking cessation treatment. Outpatient or inpatient smoking cessation treatment should be multidisciplinary, based on behavioral interventions and pharmacotherapy. It will thus be more effective and cost-effective, doubling the chances of success

Associations of flavonoids and natural dyes in the control of lipidic metabolism.

The present work evaluates the effects of rutin and naringenin, isolated and in association with anthocyanin and monascus, on lipidic metabolism of rats. These compounds were dissolved in propylene glycol and administered by intraperitoneal route in two doses of 5mg/kg of body weight. The first dose was administered together witli the Triton, compouiid responsible for induction of hyperlipidaemia, and the second, twenty hours later. After fourty three hours of the first dose aiid Triton administration, the blood was retreat and cliolesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triacylglycerols were dosed. Results evidence the largest percentual reduction of cholesterol for naringenin + monascus, naringenin + anthocyanin, rutin + monascus and rutin + anthocyanin . On the other hand, for HDL-cholesterol, the best results were obtained with naringenin alone. Finally, the best reduction of triacylglycerols levels was showed for naringenin, naringenin + monascus and rutin + anthocyanin associations

EAT-Brazil award for tobacco control : a brief description of its first edition.

Smoking is a major global risk factor for preventable death and disability. EAT is an acronym for Education Against Tobacco, a multinational network of physicians and medical students that aims to improve tobacco control by means of school-based prevention targeted at adolescents through counseling, use of software and support materials. The first EAT-Brazil Award, launched in March 2018, was a competition designed to encourage the proposal of objective solutions for tobacco control in Brasil, and identify new talents in the area. Brazilian undergraduate students from any field of study could submit a one-page essay on the subject, competing for the amount of R$ 1000.00 (one thousand reais). There were a total of 39 applicants (20 women and 19 men) from 9 Brazilian states and 18 undergraduate programs, with a mean age of 22.5 years (SD = 3.7). Data from an online anonymous questionnaire answered after the submission of their essays revealed that most applicants were students of institutions from in the state of Minas Gerais (n = 26/39; 66.6%), studied medicine (n = 20/39, 51.3%), and had no prior knowledge of the EAT-Brazil Network (n = 27/39, 69.2%). The winner of the award was Lucas Guimar?es de Azevedo, a fourth-year medical student at Federal University of Western Bahia. The next editions of the award should focus on increasing the number of applicants and diversifying their geographical distribution

International eDelphi Study to Reach Consensus on the Methotrexate Dosing Regimen in Patients with Psoriasis

Importance: A clear dosing regimen for methotrexate in psoriasis is lacking, and this might lead to a suboptimal treatment. Because methotrexate is affordable and globally available, a uniform dosing regimen could potentially optimize the treatment of patients with psoriasis worldwide. Objective: To reach international consensus among psoriasis experts on a uniform dosing regimen for treatment with methotrexate in adult and pediatric patients with psoriasis and identify potential future research topics. Design, Setting, and Participants: Between September 2020 and March 2021, a survey study with a modified eDelphi procedure that was developed and distributed by the Amsterdam University Medical Center and completed by 180 participants worldwide (55 [30.6%] resided in non-Western countries) was conducted in 3 rounds. The proposals on which no consensus was reached were discussed in a conference meeting (June 2021). Participants voted on 21 proposals with a 9-point scale (1-3 disagree, 4-6 neither agree nor disagree, 7-9 agree) and were recruited through the Skin Inflammation and Psoriasis International Network and European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology in June 2020. Apart from being a dermatologist/dermatology resident, there were no specific criteria for participation in the survey. The participants worked mainly at a university hospital (97 [53.9%]) and were experienced in treating patients with psoriasis with methotrexate (163 [91.6%] had more than 10 years of experience). Main Outcomes and Measures: In a survey with eDelphi procedure, we tried to reach consensus on 21 proposals. Consensus was defined as less than 15% voting disagree (1-3). For the consensus meeting, consensus was defined as less than 30% voting disagree. Results: Of 251 participants, 180 (71.7%) completed all 3 survey rounds, and 58 participants (23.1%) joined the conference meeting. Consensus was achieved on 11 proposals in round 1, 3 proposals in round 2, and 2 proposals in round 3. In the consensus meeting, consensus was achieved on 4 proposals. More research is needed, especially for the proposals on folic acid and the dosing of methotrexate for treating subpopulations such as children and vulnerable patients. Conclusions and Relevance: In this eDelphi consensus study, consensus was reached on 20 of 21 proposals involving methotrexate dosing in patients with psoriasis. This consensus may potentially be used to harmonize the treatment with methotrexate in patients with psoriasis.

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially