The Highest Geomagnetic Storms of the Solar Cycle Observed at Ground Level

We report two ground-level observations, of geomagnetic storms of different origins; they are among the highest geomagnetic storms, in the solar Cycle 24. The first is St. Patrick’s Day storm on March 17, 2015, originated by the impact on Earth’s atmosphere of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the storm reaching the condition of G4 (severe) level, in the NOAA geomagnetic scale. The second included the major geomagnetic storm whose origin is attributed to the interaction with the Earth of a High-Speed Stream (HSS) ahead of a positive polarity coronal hole on October 7, 2015. This storm reached the condition G3 (strong) level. We give emphasis to observations detected by the New-Tupi muon telescopes, located at sea level in Brazil (22.53° S, 43.13° W). We present a study of these observations in correlation with observations reported by multipoint space-based measurements, such as the ACE at Lagrange Point L1 and the geostationary GOES weather satellite, including two global geomagnetic indices and several ground-based detectors. Some considerations on the influence of these geomagnetic storms in the Earth weather are reported

Impact of delays on costumers'safety perceptions and behavioral intentions

Purpose: The main objective of this paper is to examine how the customers' perceptions of delays and safety relate to each other and to behavioral intentions Design/methodology/approach: We modified a customer satisfaction questionnaire to include questions relating to the constructs we wanted to examine and collaborated with a major international airline to collect data from 797 customers through in-flight surveys. Findings: We obtain three key original findings. First, perceived safety exerts a direct positive effect on behavioral intentions. Second, perceived delays exert an indirect effect mediated by perceived safety. Finally, customers believe operational practices affect both delay and safety. Originality/value: This is the first paper that examines the customer's perspective on two of the most important aspects of airline operations management: delays and safety. Our findings are of great value to managers who want to evaluate the impact of delays and safety on customers and to researches interested in the theoretical relationships between these two constructs.Peer Reviewe

Qualitative modelling of credit scoring : a case study in banking

Several modelling procedures have been suggested in the literature that aim to help credit granting decisions. Most of these utilize statistical, operational research and artificial intelligence techniques to identify patterns among past applications, in order to enable a more well-informed assessment of risk as well as the automation of credit scoring. For some types of loans, we find that the modelling procedure must permit the consideration of qualitative expert judgements concerning the performance attractiveness of the applications. In this paper, we describe in detail the various steps taken to build such a model in the context of the banking sector, using the MACBETH interactive approach. The model addresses the scoring of medium and long term loans to firms, to enable the multicriteria assignment of each application to a category which may range from rejection to acceptance with different spreads.peer-reviewe

Using MACBETH with the choquet integral fundamentals to model interdependencies between elementary concerns in the context of risk management

Effective risk management typically requires the evaluation of multiple consequences of different sources of risk, and multicriteria value models have been used for that purpose. The value of mitigating a risk impact is often considered by risk managers as dependent on the levels of other impacts, therefore there is a need for procedures to identify and model these interactions within a value measurement framework. The Choquet Integral (CI) has been used for this purpose, and several studies in the performance measurement literature have combined the 2-additive CI operator with the MACBETH approach to model interdependencies in real contexts. In this paper, we propose an alternative procedure to model interdependencies and determine the CI parameters from one single MACBETH global matrix. The procedure is illustrated with the construction of a descriptor of impacts to evaluate the risk impacts at ALSTOM Power. The paper further explains the questioning protocol to apply the proposed procedure, as well as how decision-makers can interpret the CI parameters

Simulation of the sweeping performance of a segmented base cutter

Base cutting and feeding into harvesters of plants lying close to the ground surface require an efficient sweeping action of the cutting mechanism. It is not the case of conventional sugarcane harvesters which have rigid blades mounted on discs capable to contaminate the cane with dirt as well as damage the ratoons. The objective of this work was to simulate the sweeping performance of a segmented base cutter. The model was developed using the laws of dynamic. Simulation included two rotational speeds (400 and 600 rpm), two cutting heights (0.12 and 0.13 m) and two disk tilting angles (-10º and -12º). The simulated sweeping angle varied between 56º and 193º, which are very promising as a mean to cutting and feeding cane sticks lying on the ground. Cutting height was the variable that affected sweeping action the most. This behavior indicates the need to have an automatic control of the cutting disk height in order to keep good sweeping performance as the harvester moves forward.O corte e a alimentação de plantas acamadas da cana-de-açúcar próximas do solo para o interior da colhedora requerem uma varredura eficiente da superfície pelo cortador de base. Essas condições não são conseguidas com o cortador convencional, composto por facas rígidas, além disso, esse mecanismo é responsável pela contaminação e incorporação de terra ao material colhido e causador de danos à soqueira. Este trabalho teve por objetivo simular o desempenho da varredura de um cortador de base segmentado. A modelagem foi desenvolvida por meio das leis da dinâmica, sendo a análise realizada em duas rotações (400 e 600 rpm), duas alturas de trabalho (0,12 e 0,13 m) e duas inclinações do cortador (-10º e -12º). Os resultados de varredura variaram entre 56º e 193º, valores que representam um potencial muito promissor em termos de alimentação de colmos acamados. A variável de maior influência foi à altura de trabalho, em que seu acréscimo causou redução nos índices de varredura de forma mais pronunciada, em comparação com as demais variáveis. Esse fato evidencia a necessidade de combinar ao cortador segmentado um dispositivo bem preciso de posicionamento de altura no sentido de avanço da colhedora.774782Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Chorioallantoic placentation in Galea spixii (Rodentia, Caviomorpha, Caviidae)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Placentas of guinea pig-related rodents are appropriate animal models for human placentation because of their striking similarities to those of humans. To optimize the pool of potential models in this context, it is essential to identify the occurrence of characters in close relatives.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In this study we first analyzed chorioallantoic placentation in the prea, Galea spixii, as one of the guinea pig's closest relatives. Material was collected from a breeding group at the University of Mossoró, Brazil, including 18 individuals covering an ontogenetic sequence from initial pregnancy to term. Placentas were investigated by means of histology, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry (vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin, cytokeration) and proliferation activity (PCNA).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Placentation in Galea is primarily characterized by an apparent regionalization into labyrinth, trophospongium and subplacenta. It also has associated growing processes with clusters of proliferating trophoblast cells at the placental margin, internally directed projections and a second centre of proliferation in the labyrinth. Finally, the subplacenta, which is temporarily supplied in parallel by the maternal and fetal blood systems, served as the center of origin for trophoblast invasion.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Placentation in Galea reveals major parallels to the guinea pig and other caviomorphs with respect to the regionalization of the placenta, the associated growing processes, as well as trophoblast invasion. A principal difference compared to the guinea pig occurred in the blood supply of the subplacenta. Characteristics of the invasion and expanding processes indicate that Galea may serve as an additional animal model that is much smaller than the guinea pig and where the subplacenta partly has access to both maternal and fetal blood systems.</p

Analysis of movement and development of a prototype of a base cutter with bi-articulated discs

The accompaniment of the surface and the auto-protection are limiting factors in the sugar cane conventional base cutter mechanism which causes an inefficient cutting and sweeping and also promotes a high amount of soil incorporation to the harvested material. A simulation model was developed according to the Laws of Dynamics to determine the angular displacements of the segment in the vertical plan, the knife in horizontal plan and the force of interaction of the segment with the surface. The simulation of the mechanism was carried out in two speeds (400 and 600 rotations min-1), three heights with regard to surface (120, 130 and 140 mm) and two inclinations of the rotor (-10 and -12º). The reaction force on the contact surface, which is related to the sweeping, presented values between 21 and 95º. The oscillation of the knife presented insignificant angular variations during the simulation. The force of reaction with the surface, which is related to the soil movement and damages to the ratoons, presented values between 941 and 2654 N. It was observed that virtual resources of simulation are presented as a powerful tool in decision-making and development of new mechanisms.O acompanhamento da superfície e a autoproteção, são fatores limitantes no mecanismo cortador de base convencional da cana-de-açúcar, acarretando corte e varredura ineficientes, além de promover a incorporação de elevada quantidade de terra ao material colhido. Um modelo de simulação foi desenvolvido por meio das leis da dinâmica para determinar os deslocamentos angulares do segmento no plano vertical, da faca no plano horizontal e da força de interação do segmento com a superfície. A simulação do mecanismo foi realizada em duas velocidades (400 e 600 rotações min-1), três alturas com relação à superfície (120, 130 e 140 mm) e duas inclinações do rotor (-10 e -12º). O resultado da amplitude de oscilação do segmento, variável relacionada à varredura, apresentou valores entre 2,1 e 9,5º; a oscilação da faca apresentou variações angulares desprezíveis durante a simulação e a força de reação com a superfície, que está relacionada à movimentação de terra e danos à soqueira, apresentou valores entre 941 e 2654 N. Em função dos resultados, observa-se que recursos virtuais de simulação se apresentam como poderosa ferramenta na tomada de decisões e no desenvolvimento de novos mecanismos.23023