Desafios para a Reformulação da Concepção Pedagógica de um Curso de Especialização Lato Sensu Durante a Pandemia da COVID-19: um Relato de Experiência

Fiocruz School of Government is responsible for providing several lato sensu courses for training professionals in the health area. In this article, the experience of the Pharmaceutical Industrial Technologies course will be reported, which rethought the entire pedagogical concept during the COVID-19 pandemic. In a historical analysis, there is a need to update the curriculum together with the modernization of the ways of mediating the teaching-learning process, especially regarding the use of technologies for this purpose. The first changes coincided with the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and the immediate need to virtualize activities. Within a perspective that involved the training of coordinators and professors, some major changes were proposed, among them: creation of a collective deliberative instance with professor and student representatives, strengthening student reception as an engagement strategy, curriculum review, implementation of the digital portfolio as a reflective and evaluative instrument and flexibility in the modalities of course conclusion work. The successful implementation of the changes and the overcoming of challenges are attributed to the joint commitment of professionals in academic management, coordination, professors and students in making the course a collective construction based on classical and modern precepts of education.   Keywords: Formative activities. Continuing education. Health emergency. Pharmaceutical industry.A Escola de Governo Fiocruz é responsável por prover diversos cursos lato sensu para a formação de profissionais na área da saúde. Neste artigo, será relatada a experiência do curso Tecnologias Industriais Farmacêuticas que repensou toda a concepção pedagógica durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Em uma análise histórica verifica-se a necessidade de atualização do currículo em conjunto com a modernização das formas de mediar o processo ensino-aprendizagem, especialmente no que tange o uso de tecnologias para tal. As primeiras mudanças coincidiram com o início da pandemia da COVID-19 e a necessidade imediata de virtualizar as atividades. Dentro de uma perspectiva que envolveu a capacitação de coordenadores e docentes, algumas grandes mudanças foram propostas, entre elas: criação de instância coletiva deliberativa com representante docente e discente, fortalecimento do acolhimento dos estudantes como estratégia de engajamento, revisão curricular, implementação do portfólio digital como instrumento reflexivo e avaliativo e flexibilização das modalidades de trabalhos de conclusão de curso. Atribui-se o sucesso da implementação das mudanças e a superação de desafios ao comprometimento conjunto dos profissionais da gestão acadêmica, coordenação, docentes e estudantes em fazer do curso uma construção coletiva baseada em preceitos clássicos e modernos da educação.   Palavras-chave: Atividades formativas. Educação continuada. Emergência sanitária. Indústria farmacêutica

ROCHAS DE PRAIA "BEACHROCKS" DA ILHA DO CABO FRIO - LITORAL DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO - SUDESTE BRASILEIRO: GÊNESE E GEOCRONOLOGIA

Rochas de praia (beachrocks) marcam a linha de costa pretérita e a constituição sedimentar de paleopraias. Em ambiente de micro-marés definem com precisão a posição do nível médio do mar na ocasião do processo de litificação. O presente trabalho objetiva estudar os “beachrocks” da Ilha do Cabo Frio, Arraial do Cabo - Rio de Janeiro do ponto de vista geológico, geomorfológico, petrográfico e geocronológico. O método de trabalho constou de coleta de material, análise petrográfica e datação ao radiocarbono. Resultados obtidos sugerem que os “beachrocks” da referida ilha foram formados entre 11.900 a 3.800 cal anos A.P. Essas idades correspondem a condições de nível do mar abaixo do atual, no nível atual e acima do nível marinho em relação ao atual durante o Holoceno. Identificou-se através deste trabalho a passagem entre o Pleistoceno e o Holoceno no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, corroborando propostas de outros autores.</p

Active ingredients, mechanisms of action and efficacy tests of antipollution cosmetic and personal care products

Urban population around the globe is direct exposed to the pollution caused by several sources (vehicles, industries, smokes etc.) and primary pollutants are divided in particulate matter and toxic gases. Current researches in populous countries indicated that exposure to pollution could affect sebum composition, stratum corneum quality and signs of skin aging. Hair and scalp are also affected by the excessive exposure to pollutants, resulting in a dull, dry and lifeless appearance. Cosmetics have been evolved conceptual and scientifically to achieve substantial effectiveness against pollution damaging on the cutaneous tissue, involving the development of innovative multipurpose active ingredients and efficacy tests, skilled to prove the protection and benefits of such personal care products. In this review, we highlighted the skin and hair/scalp damages provoked by the main environmental pollutants and the active substances used in antipollution cosmetics/personal care products with the respective mechanisms of action. Likewise, in vitro and in vivo efficacy tests were discussed concerning the antipollution claim substantiating

Hydrolyzed collagen interferes with in vitro photoprotective effectiveness of sunscreens

The chronological skin aging is a progressive and natural process with genetic and physiological changes. However, ultraviolet (UV) radiation may accelerate the oxidative stress, generating carcinogenesis and photoaging. Natural compounds and their applications are considered a trend in the cosmetic market. The protein-based film-forming compounds play an important role, once it collaborates for the better distribution of sunscreens on the skin. Here we investigated the in vitro photoprotective effectiveness of sunscreens containing the hydrolyzed collagen associated with UVA, UVB and/or inorganic filters. Sunscreens were developed with octocrylene (7.5%), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (avobenzone) (3.0%) and/or titanium dioxide (5.0%), associated or not with the hydrolyzed collagen (3.0%). In vitro photoprotective effectiveness was determined in a Labsphere(r) UV2000S by the establishment of the sun protection factor (SPF) and critical wavelength (nm) values. Physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics were also assayed. The hydrolyzed collagen subjectively improved the formulation sensory characteristics. However, this bioactive compound led to a decrease of the SPF values of the photoprotective formulations containing octocrylene alone and octocrylene + butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane + TiO2. This inadequate interaction may be considered during the development of new sunscreens intended to contain protein-based components

Gelatin-based microspheres crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and rutin oriented to cosmetics

Glutaraldehyde (GTA) has been extensively used as a gelatin crosslinking agent, however, new natural ones have been suggested as more biocompatible. Polyphenols are possible candidates and the flavonols, such as rutin (RUT), also exhibit potential synergism with sunscreens and antioxidant agents used in cosmetics. In this work, gelatin microspheres (M0) were obtained and crosslinked with GTA 10 mM (MG) or RUT 10 mM (MR), dissolved in acetone:NaOH 0,01M (70:30 v/v). MG exhibited crosslinking extent of 54.4%. Gelatin, M0, MG and MR did not elicit any signs of skin damage, regarding the formation of erythema, the barrier function disruption and negative interference in the stratum corneum hydration. Oily dispersions containing M0, MG or MR, isolated or combined with benzophenone-3 or octyl methoxycinnamate, suggested that the microspheres, at a 5.0% w/w, had no additional chemical or physical photoprotective effect in vitro. Crosslinking with RUT had occurred, but in a lower degree than GTA. Microspheres had not improved sun protection parameters, although, non-treated gelatin interfered positively with the SPF for both UV filters. The in vivo studies demonstrated that these materials had very good skin compatibility

Influences of bioactive substances on the physicochemical and functional stability of sunscreen emulsions

The usage of isolated ultraviolet filters in photoprotective formulations produces products with limited protection against the solar radiations, which highlights the need for active compounds (filters and bioactive compounds) combinations. Previous studies have demonstrated that rutin, a bioactive compound, interacts with filters incorporated in sunscreens. Therefore, this work aimed at evaluating the influence of rutin on the physicochemical and functional stability of sunscreen emulsions. Sixteen formulations were developed, submitted to the Preliminary Stability Testing and characterized according to pH value, rheological profile and in vitro photoprotective efficacy. The formulation with the best performance and the correspondent formulation without rutin were submitted to the Normal Stability Testing. All formulations presented pH values compatible with the skin and similar rheological behavior. Formulation F16 and the same formulation without rutin were submitted to the Normal Stability Testing and presented similar pH values and rheological profiles that were maintained during the days of analysis. The antioxidant activity was stable only for formulations stored at 5.0 ± 0.5 °C. The in vitro photoprotective efficacy demonstrated similar results among both formulations that were also observed on all days of analysis

Another Reason for Using Caffeine in Dermocosmetics: Sunscreen Adjuvant

The excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main cause of skin cancer, the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. In this context, the development of innovative and more effective sunscreens, with bioactive compounds like caffeine, displaying antioxidant and anticancer potential, is required. This research work assessed in vitro and in vivo the efficacy and safety of topical sunscreen formulations containing caffeine as an adjuvant of the UV filters. Sunscreens were prepared with 2.5% w/w caffeine or in the absence of this compound. In order to evaluate the safety of these formulations, stratum corneum hydration, skin barrier and colorimetry were assessed in vivo in healthy subjects before and after skin treatment with the samples. The efficacy of the sunscreens was assessed in vitro, using PMMA plates and a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere; and in vivo by the determination of the sun protection factor (SPF). None of the formulations caused erythema or impaired the skin barrier function. The in vitro functional characterization showed higher SPF values for the caffeine formulation. The in vivo studies also confirmed the higher SPF value of the formulation combining caffeine with the filters, compared to the caffeine-free sample. This improvement contributed to an increase of, approximately, 25% in the in vivo anti-UVB protection. In conclusion, caffeine was well tolerated by the skin and increased the photoprotective activity, being a new alternative adjuvant in sunscreens formulation

Photostabilization of sunscreens by incorporation of tea as the external phase

The use of isolated ultraviolet (UV) filters in photoprotective formulations creates products with limited protection against radiation, emphasising the need to develop formulations containing UVA and UVB filter combinations. However, most of the formulations developed to include both filters are unstable as a result of this combination, as well as by exposure to UV radiation. It is, therefore, crucial to include additives that enable photostabilization. Tea is the second most widely consumed beverage in the world and represents a good source of bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenols, which provide antioxidant activity. In the present work formulations containing green tea or black tea, as well as the sunscreens avobenzone (UVA sunscreen) and octilmetoxinamato (UVB sunscreen), were developed and evaluated in order to develop new and effective photostable formulations providing broad spectrum photoprotection. These formulations have been developed with complete replacement of the external phase of the oil in water (O/W) emulsion by these teas. The results showed that both teas presented photostabilizing capacity, particularly for green tea in the storage conditions at room temperature and at 5 °C, and black tea for the samples stored at 40 °C

Impact of stirring speed, glycerin and sodium chloride concentrations on photoprotective nanoemulsions

New technologies that improve the physical as the sensory properties of sunscreens can help to increase its continued use and impact on health. The use of nanoemulsions in the development of photoprotective vehicles is an advantage, since nanostructured components may have superior properties regarding their performance when compared to conventional products. The advantages of using nanobiotechnology in manufacture of cosmetic and dermatological formulations arise from the protection of compounds from chemical or enzymatic degradation, from the control of their release, and also to the prolonged retention time of cosmetic ingredients in the stratum corneum. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of stirring speed and of glycerin and sodium chloride concentrations in the development and effectiveness of a nanoemulsion containing ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and benzophenone-3. The results of statistical analyses regarding the impact of the variables in the process of nanoemulsion development showed that these parameters affect the phase inversion temperature (PIT). However, this did not affect the particle size and the photoprotective efficacy in vitro

Gelatin-based microspheres crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and rutin oriented to cosmetics

ABSTRACT Glutaraldehyde (GTA) has been extensively used as a gelatin crosslinking agent, however, new natural ones have been suggested as more biocompatible. Polyphenols are possible candidates and the flavonols, such as rutin (RUT), also exhibit potential synergism with sunscreens and antioxidant agents used in cosmetics. In this work, gelatin microspheres (M0) were obtained and crosslinked with GTA 10 mM (MG) or RUT 10 mM (MR), dissolved in acetone:NaOH 0,01M (70:30 v/v). MG exhibited crosslinking extent of 54.4%. Gelatin, M0, MG and MR did not elicit any signs of skin damage, regarding the formation of erythema, the barrier function disruption and negative interference in the stratum corneum hydration. Oily dispersions containing M0, MG or MR, isolated or combined with benzophenone-3 or octyl methoxycinnamate, suggested that the microspheres, at a 5.0% w/w, had no additional chemical or physical photoprotective effect in vitro. Crosslinking with RUT had occurred, but in a lower degree than GTA. Microspheres had not improved sun protection parameters, although, non-treated gelatin interfered positively with the SPF for both UV filters. The in vivo studies demonstrated that these materials had very good skin compatibility