Uso do carbureto: uma proposta de atividade experimental para a abordagem conjunta da ligação iônica e da ligação covalente

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Variação temporal da comunidade fitoplanctônica em curtos intervalos amostrais no reservatório de Mundaú, Nordeste brasileiro

The aim of this study was to determine how abiotic factors drive the phytoplankton community in a water supply reservoir within short sampling intervals. Samples were collected at the subsurface (0.1 m) and bottom of limnetic (8 m) and littoral (2 m) zones in both the dry and rainy seasons. The following abiotic variables were analyzed: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, pH, total nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus and orthophosphate. Phytoplankton biomass was determined from biovolume values. The role abiotic variables play in the dynamics of phytoplankton species was determined by means of Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Algae biomass ranged from 1.17×10(4) to 9.21×10(4) µg.L-1; cyanobacteria had biomass values ranging from 1.07×10(4) to 8.21×10(4) µg.L-1. High availability of phosphorous, nitrogen limitation, alkaline pH and thermal stability all favored cyanobacteria blooms, particularly during the dry season. Temperature, pH, total phosphorous and turbidity were key factors in characterizing the phytoplankton community between sampling times and stations. Of the species studied, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii populations were dominant in the phytoplankton in both the dry and rainy seasons. We conclude that the phytoplankton was strongly influenced by abiotic variables, particularly in relation to seasonal distribution patterns.O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a influência dos fatores abióticos sobre a comunidade fitoplanctônica em um reservatório de abastecimento, em curtos intervalos amostrais. As amostras foram coletadas na subsuperfície (0,1 m) e fundo das regiões pelágica (8 m) e litorânea (2 m), durante dois períodos sazonais, estações seca e chuvosa. As variáveis abióticas analisadas foram: temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos, turbidez, pH, nitrogênio total, nitrito, nitrato, fósforo total, fósforo total dissolvido e ortofosfato. A biomassa fitoplanctônica foi determinada a partir de valores de biovolume. A influência das variáveis abióticas na dinâmica das espécies fitoplanctônicas foi determinada através da Análise de Correspondência Canônica. A biomassa algal variou de 1,17×10(4) a 9,21×10(4) µg.L-1, sendo que as cianobactérias apresentaram valores de biomassa entre 1,07×10(4) e 8,21×10(4) µg.L-1. A mais alta disponibilidade de fósforo, limitação de nitrogênio, pH alcalino e estabilidade térmica favoreceram florações de cianobactérias, especialmente durante o período seco. As diferenças entre os horários e as estações amostrais na distribuição da comunidade fitoplanctônica foram determinadas pelos valores de temperatura, pH, fósforo total e turbidez. As associações fitoplanctônicas que mais se destacaram foram do grupo funcional Sn, formado por Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, que predominou no sistema em ambos períodos sazonais. Concluiu-se que o fitoplâncton apresentou uma forte influência das variáveis abióticas especialmente no estabelecimento de padrões sazonais de distribuição.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico (CNPq

Skin picking treatment with the Rothbaum cognitive behavioral therapy protocol : a randomized clinical trial

Introduction: Although behavioral therapies can effectively treat skin picking disorder (SPD), there is no standardized treatment for improving SPD and its comorbidities and there is no group intervention option. This trial aimed to adapt the Rothbaum trichotillomania protocol to SPD (Study 1) and test its efficacy for treating SPD and comorbidities in individual and group formats (Study 2). Methods: The adapted protocol was applied to 16 SPD patients, who were allocated to group or individual treatment (Study 1). Afterwards, 54 patients were randomly allocated to treatment in an individual (n=27) or group format (n=27) (Study 2). In both studies, assessments of SPD severity, anxiety, depression, clinical status and skin lesion severity were performed at baseline and the endpoint. Results: The adapted protocol was feasible in both treatment modalities (Study 1) and led to high SPD remission rates (individual 63%; group 52%), with no significant difference between intervention types (p = 0.4) (Study 2). SPD, anxiety, and depression symptoms and objective patient lesion measures improved after treatment. There was large effect size for SPD symptom improvement in both treatment types (Cohen’s d: group = 0.88; individual = 1.15) (Study 2). Conclusion: The adapted Rothbaum protocol was effective for SPD remission, comorbidities, and skin lesions, both in individual and group formats