From pre-attentive processes to durable representation : An ERP index of visual distraction

Visual search and oddball paradigms were combined to investigate memory for to-be-ignored color changes in a group of 12 healthy participants. The onset of unexpected color change of an irrelevant stimulus evoked two reliable ERP effects: a component of the event-related potential (ERP), similar to the visual mismatch negativity response (vMMN), with a latency of 120-160 ms and a posterior distribution over the left hemisphere and Late Fronto-Central Negativity (LFCN) with a latency of 320-400 ms, apparent at fronto-central electrodes and some posterior sites. Color change of that irrelevant stimulus also slowed identification of a visual target, indicating distraction. The amplitude of this color-change vMMN, but not LFCN, indexed this distraction effect. That is, electrophysiological and behavioral measures were correlated. The interval between visual scenes approximated 1 s (611-1629 ms), indicating that the brain's sensory memory for the color of the preceding visual scenes must persist for at least 600 ms. Therefore, in the case of the neural code for color, durable memory representations are formed in an obligatory manner. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Neural gain control measured through cortical gamma oscillations is associated with sensory sensitivity

Gamma oscillations facilitate information processing by shaping the excitatory input/output of neuronal populations. Recent studies in humans and nonhuman primates have shown that strong excitatory drive to the visual cortex leads to suppression of induced gamma oscillations, which may reflect inhibitory-based gain control of network excitation. The efficiency of the gain control measured through gamma oscillations may in turn affect sensory sensitivity in everyday life. To test this prediction, we assessed the link between self-reported sensitivity and changes in magneto-encephalographic gamma oscillations as a function of motion velocity of high-contrast visual gratings. The induced gamma oscillations increased in frequency and decreased in power with increasing stimulation intensity. As expected, weaker suppression of the gamma response correlated with sensory hypersensitivity. Robustness of this result was confirmed by its replication in the two samples: neurotypical subjects and people with autism, who had generally elevated sensory sensitivity. We conclude that intensity-related suppression of gamma response is a promising biomarker of homeostatic control of the excitation-inhibition balance in the visual cortex

Input-dependent modulation of MEG gamma oscillations reflects gain control in the visual cortex

Gamma-band oscillations arise from the interplay between neural excitation (E) and inhibition (I) and may provide a non-invasive window into the state of cortical circuitry. A bell-shaped modulation of gamma response power by increasing the intensity of sensory input was observed in animals and is thought to reflect neural gain control. Here we sought to find a similar input-output relationship in humans with MEG via modulating the intensity of a visual stimulation by changing the velocity/temporal-frequency of visual motion. In the first experiment, adult participants observed static and moving gratings. The frequency of the MEG gamma response monotonically increased with motion velocity whereas power followed a bell-shape. In the second experiment, on a large group of children and adults, we found that despite drastic developmental changes in frequency and power of gamma oscillations, the relative suppression at high motion velocities was scaled to the same range of values across the life-span. In light of animal and modeling studies, the modulation of gamma power and frequency at high stimulation intensities characterizes the capacity of inhibitory neurons to counterbalance increasing excitation in visual networks. Gamma suppression may thus provide a non-invasive measure of inhibitory-based gain control in the healthy and diseased brain

Genetic Determinants of Time Perception Mediated by the Serotonergic System

Background: The present study investigates neurobiological underpinnings of individual differences in time perception. Methodology: Forty-four right-handed Russian Caucasian males (18–35 years old) participated in the experiment. The polymorphism of the genes related to the activity of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA)-systems (such as 5-HTT, 5HT2a, MAOA, DAT, DRD2, COMT) was determined upon the basis of DNA analysis according to a standard procedure. Time perception in the supra-second range (mean duration 4.8 s) was studied, using the duration discrimination task and parametric fitting of psychometric functions, resulting in individual determination of the point of subjective equality (PSE). Assuming the ‘dual klepsydra model ’ of internal duration representation, the PSE values were transformed into equivalent values of the parameter k (kappa), which is a measure of the ‘loss rate ’ of the duration representation. An association between time representation parameters (PSE and k, respectively) and 5-HT-related genes was found, but not with DArelated genes. Higher ‘loss rate ’ (k) of the cumulative duration representation were found for the carriers of genotypes characterized by higher 5-HT transmission, i.e., 1) lower 5-HT reuptake, known for the 5-HTTLPR SS polymorphism compared with LL, 2) lower 5-HT degradation, described for the ‘low expression ’ variant of MAOA VNTR gene compared with ‘high expression ’ variant, and 3) higher 5-HT2a receptor density, proposed for the TT polymorphism of 5-HT2a T102C gene compared with CC

Event-related potential (ERP) correlates of face processing in verbal children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and their first-degree relatives: a family study

Abstract Background Inherited abnormalities of perception, recognition, and attention to faces have been implicated in the etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) including abnormal components of event-related brain potentials (ERP) elicited by faces. Methods We examined familial aggregation of face processing ERP abnormalities previously implicated in ASD in 49 verbal individuals with ASD, 36 unaffected siblings (US), 18 unaffected fathers (UF), and 53 unrelated controls (UC). The ASD, US, and UC groups ranged in age from 12 to 21 years, the UF group ranged in age from 30 to 56 years. ERP responses to images of upright and inverted faces and houses were analyzed under disparate EEG reference schemes. Results Face-sensitive features of N170 and P1 were readily observed in all groups. Differences between ASD and control groups depended upon the EEG reference scheme. Notably, the superiority of face over object for N170 latency was attenuated in ASD subjects, but not their relatives; this occurred exclusively with the average reference. The difference in N170 amplitude between inverted and upright faces was reduced in both ASD and US groups relative to UC, but this effect was significant only with the vertex reference. Furthermore, similar group differences were observed for both inverted faces and inverted houses, suggesting a lack of face specificity for the attenuation of the N170 inversion effect in ASD. Conclusion The present findings refine understanding of face processing ERPs in ASD. These data provide only modest evidence for highly-selective ASD-sensitive ERP features, and underscore the sensitivity of these biomarkers to ERP reference scheme. These schemes have varied across published studies and must be accounted for in future studies of the relationship between these commonly acquired ERP characteristics, genotype, and ASD

Updating the Open Innovation Concept Based on Ecosystem Approach: Regional Aspects

The intensification of innovation processes in Russia is a challenging task that requires a continuous search for solutions to make possible the many required changes in economics. We consider the major factors needed to advance an innovative activity at all levels in the national economy to have a freely exchanged flow of innovative ideas between all actors involved. As practice shows, the currently existing models in the country to deal with open innovations are mostly based on a cluster development approach, which is still limited. The authors propose synergizing the cluster approach with an ecosystem innovation model, which should ensure an effective collaboration and an accelerated rate for the diffusion of innovations between various actors while involving various regions. The purpose of the study was to develop a conceptual model for implementing open proposals from participants in the innovation economy. The research methodology is based on numerous works in the field of open innovation theory, cluster and ecosystem approaches. The study utilizes empirical and dialectical methods of scientific knowledge. The methodological toolkit covers information processing with historical analysis, a literature review using the Russian Citation Index and Scopus databases, analysis and diagnostics of innovative activity in domestic regions, the comparison method, modeling and correlation analysis. We concluded that the interaction of participants in the Russian regions through implementing the cluster model is not sufficiently effective and requires the development of new methodological approaches. Therefore, we propose combining the cluster approach with the ecosystem innovation model, which should ensure an effective cooperation and accelerate the rate of innovation dissemination among various subjects involving several regions. To determine the approach’s efficiency, the proposed concept should be tested in one or more regions

«Фабрика патентов» как фактор развития инновационной активности в обществе

Despite the growing external challenges, the Russian economy has a great potential for its development. Restrictions on economic cooperation (“sanctions”) introduced by a number of countries create many barriers to functioning of Russian entities, especially those with interests in foreign markets. However, there are also positive effects associated with the need to quickly adapt the business in the domestic market and activate the existing innovative potential to accelerate a pace of development and fill the vacated business niches. Innovative entrepreneurship is becoming more widespread in the development of the quadruple helix model with emerging a new actor in the form of “society”. The target of this study is to develop the author’s model of the “patent factory” as a new reference point for diffusing innovations and disclosing the existing potential in society. The subject of the study is the organizational and economic relations that arise in the process of strengthening the ability of society to generate innovations. The results of the study are based on the implementation of empirical and dialectical methods of scientific knowledge and other scientific methods. The methodological toolkit covers such information processing methods as a literature review using the RSCI and Scopus research databases, analysis of the dynamics of statistical indicators, as well as a method for comparing patent applications and granted patents for inventions in 2017–2021 periods among individuals and legal entities. The authors propose a model for interaction between “young” and “serial”” inventors to form and develop the innovative potential of society which will contribute to the welfare and a sustainable development of all participants in the innovative model. As a result, we should expect a more active influx of progressive innovative ideas and developments implemented in this model which would ensure advancing the level of innovative activity in society and contribute to the socio-economic development of the countryНесмотря на возрастающие внешние вызовы, российская экономика имеет большой потенциал для своего развития. Вводимые рядом стран ограничения на экономическое сотрудничество («санкции») создают множество барьеров для функционирования российских субъектов, особенно имеющих интересы на внешних рынках. Тем не менее имеются и положительные эффекты, связанные с необходимостью быстрой адаптации бизнеса на внутреннем рынке и активизации имеющегося инновационного потенциала для ускорения темпов развития и заполнения освободившихся бизнес-ниш. Все большее распространение получает инновационное предпринимательство в развитии модели четверной спирали с появлением нового актора в виде «общества». Цель настоящего исследования состоит в разработке авторской модели «фабрики патентов» как новой реперной точки для диффузии инноваций и раскрытия имеющегося потенциала в обществе. Предметом исследования выступают организационно-экономические отношения, возникающие в процессе усиления способности общества генерировать инновации. Результаты исследования базируются на реализации эмпирических и диалектических методов научного познания и других научных методах. Методический инструментарий охватывает такие методы обработки информации, как обзор литературы с использованием исследовательских баз данных РИНЦ и Scopus, анализ динамики статистических показателей, а также метод сравнения заявок на патенты и выданных патентов на изобретения за 2017–2021 гг. среди физических и юридических лиц. Авторами предложена модель взаимодействия между «молодыми» и «серийными» изобретателями с целью формирования и развития инновационного потенциала общества, что будет способствовать повышению благосостояния и устойчивого развития всех участников в инновационной модели. В результате следует ожидать более быстрого притока прогрессивных инновационных идей и разработок, реализуемых в данной модели, что обеспечит повышение уровня инновационной активности общества и будет способствовать социально- экономическому развитию стран

5-HTT, MAOA and 5-HT2a genotypes and duration representation parameters: PSE, RSE and .

<p> = total number of subjects.</p