Formation of soot in the disposal of municipal solid waste

In power plants intended for the disposal of solid household waste, the processes take place at a high temperature. For such installations, nonequilibrium processes are characteristic of a change in the composition of combustion products caused by the final rates of the ongoing chemical reactions. This affects the basic characteristics of the combustion process of municipal solid waste. A mathematical model has been created for calculating the chemically nonequilibrium composition of the fuel. Solid household and industrial waste is a high-energy fuel. It is a high energy fuel. The process of thermal neutralization of solid household waste is considered. An alternative calculation method is presented that allows one to find the composition of combustion products under conditions of nonequilibrium in the process of thermal utilization of solid domestic waste. The data on the composition and properties of solid household waste obtained by the developed method of calculation allow predicting the yield of super Eco toxicants in combustion products. On the basis of the equations of formal chemical kinetics, an alternative was created, which consists in determining the composition of combustion products taking into account the kinetics of chemical reactions. The assumption is introduced that transformations in the gas phase are elementary, one-stage. Various chemical interactions can be represented by a set of elementary stages. The most probable are mono-, biand three molecular chemical reactions. The method allows predicting the yield of Eco toxicants by finding the composition of the fuel combustion products prior to its utilization

Ageing Population: Challenge for New Quality of Social Policy

As a share of older people in the whole population is continuously growing all over the world, policy makers face new challenges of tailoring social policy to the needs of older generation. To this end, the team of International Scientific-Educational Laboratory for the Improvement of Wellbeing Technologies of Older Adults of Tomsk Polytechnic University has organized two expert seminars with the participation of older people and social workers and officials. The feedback from the expert groups has revealed the importance of the state support of older generation in terms of providing the adequate pension rates, free and timely access to medical help and cultural events. Another crucial problem pronounced by social workers was a lack of informal (family) support or its ambiguity when it comes to older adults’ benefits eligibility assessment. The results of expert seminars allowed making up a set of recommendations for a legislative body of Tomsk region

The Impact Of Education Level On Some Aspects Of Wellbeing

This research studies the influence/effect of the education level on various aspects of human wellbeing. From the official statistics of the OECD countries, we conclude that a number of important characteristics of wellbeing (level of interpersonal trust, subjective health assessments, confidence in the government) have a steady tendency to increase in practically all the analyzed countries as the level of education increases among employable citizens (25-64 years). In this paper, we identify the countries, in which various aspects of citizens' wellbeing have been found to reach minimum and maximum values. This analysis accounts for the education levels in accordance with the international description: below upper secondary, upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary, and tertiary. The estimated influence of the education level on various aspects of wellbeing appear to be a very promising direction of research for Russia: a country with a traditionally high level of education (of the population). Unfortunately, it is impossible to make a comparative analysis of the impact of education level of the population in Russia on certain wellbeing parameters using the data given in the collected volume Education at a Glance. OECD Indicators 2014. Russia has not joined this group of countries yet. However, the problem of measuring the relationship between the education level of the population and the subjective perception of wellbeing is very important for Russia. In particular, this stems/results from the need to develop a reliable system of indexes that would allow specialists to assess the continuous (lifelong) wellbeing as objectively as possible

Comparative assessment of physicians’ and senior medical students’ basic knowledge in treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common pathologies of the respira-tory system. This disease ranks third in the group of the main causes of death in the world. The effective treatment of COPD has been developed by today. However, a significant part of physicians has an insufficient amount of education in this matter

Assessment of physicians’ and senior medical students’ knowledge in treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: Current results of the KNOCAP project

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains one of the most acute problems of bronchopulmonary pathology being the 4th in the mortality structure (after cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases and malignant neoplasms) and the 1st among all fatalities from infectious diseases. Thanks to the scientific progress achieved in the antibiotic therapy and vaccine prophylaxis, the death toll has decreased four times compared to its rate during the “pre-antibiotic era“. However, nowadays there is a steadily increasing trend in the pneumonia mortality rate in Russia. The only possible way to increase efficacy of CAP treatment is timely initiated rational antibiotic therapy, considering the possible etiologies, risk factors and the severity of the patient’s condition

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Formation of soot in the disposal of municipal solid waste

In power plants intended for the disposal of solid household waste, the processes take place at a high temperature. For such installations, nonequilibrium processes are characteristic of a change in the composition of combustion products caused by the final rates of the ongoing chemical reactions. This affects the basic characteristics of the combustion process of municipal solid waste. A mathematical model has been created for calculating the chemically nonequilibrium composition of the fuel. Solid household and industrial waste is a high-energy fuel. It is a high energy fuel. The process of thermal neutralization of solid household waste is considered. An alternative calculation method is presented that allows one to find the composition of combustion products under conditions of nonequilibrium in the process of thermal utilization of solid domestic waste. The data on the composition and properties of solid household waste obtained by the developed method of calculation allow predicting the yield of super Eco toxicants in combustion products. On the basis of the equations of formal chemical kinetics, an alternative was created, which consists in determining the composition of combustion products taking into account the kinetics of chemical reactions. The assumption is introduced that transformations in the gas phase are elementary, one-stage. Various chemical interactions can be represented by a set of elementary stages. The most probable are mono-, biand three molecular chemical reactions. The method allows predicting the yield of Eco toxicants by finding the composition of the fuel combustion products prior to its utilization

High-temperature processing of municipal solid waste

At present, processing and recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become more relevant in our country and the world at large. This problem concerns large towns and cities, where every year millions of tons of all kinds of fractions of household waste are produced. Disposal or recycling of solid waste is an environmental issue, but it is associated with the solution of complex technical, energy and economic challenges. The purpose of this study is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of modern methods of processing and disposal of MSW with the prospect of developing and creating a device for recycling MSW taking into account modern approaches to energy saving and environmental protection. The main results of the study are to create a simple, reliable and technically sound method of MSW disposal to obtain additional energy. The significance of the results obtained for the construction industry is the design of a device for the disposal of solid waste with the production of solid combustion products and further their use as building materials and products for various purposes. Because of the technological process of MSW processing, it becomes possible to generate some returns through use of resulting thermal energy for electricity production

Quality of life of an elderly person in the conditions of urban space

The article considers the problem of the quality of life of the elderly in the city. A high-quality innovative urban environment is understood as a safe, comfortable space for living and recreation using smart city (home) technologies, adapted for all social groups of the population, including age groups. In modern Russia, the demographic situation requires paying attention to the compliance with city standards and criteria for the quality of life of seniors in a digital economy. This work is relevant today due to the increase in the retirement age. Principles of the active ageing effective strategy shall be based on the social partnership of state and elderly people. In the context of the foregoing, the quality of life of an elderly person is becoming increasingly important for the formation of a humanistic social urban environment in connection with the need to adapt a person to living conditions that change late in life