Being in limbo: Digital Habitus and Contemporary Colonialism in the Case of Syrian Refugees in Turkey, Greece, and Germany

This study discusses Syrian refugees’ migration trajectories and narratives, based on the fieldwork conducted among Syrian refugees in Turkey, Greece, and Germany as three major geo-political countries particularly concerning Syrian refugee communities. The research adopts a qualitative research map, using the Grounded Theory research approach, ethnography and semi-structured interview methods, in six cities and eight refugee protection centres and camps. The research findings obtained and generated during the field studies are evaluated and analysed using theoretical toolboxes derived from sociology and political science. Especially important are three theoretical frameworks: Power Relations, Digital Habitus, and Political and Social Subjectivities, through which I analysed the Syrian refugees’ practices of mobilities, migration routes, and perception of targeted countries in detail. These theoretical frameworks assist in understanding the implications and limitations of power relations in refugees’ lives, as well as refugees’ use of the internet and media and the influence of these uses on their refugee’s perceptions and desires while being in limbo in refugee camps. Also, the importance of varying capital forms and women refugee’s gender experiences in forced migration and displacement are foregrounded and evaluated. The research proposes a new methodological system that helps to understand contemporary colonialism while addressing current colonial and exploitation relations - Semi-Autonomous Colonialism. This system considers three mechanisms as (co)-operating drivers: Power relations as pushing and formative forces, Subjectivity as individuals’ agencies, actions, and representations within the scope of their own capacity and capital, and Digital Habitus as a new connecting interface, that assist in understanding refugees’ use of the internet and media and its influence of on the refugee's perception and desires. In the research, in which the active participation of individuals by consenting to the changing and digitalising systems is discussed, semi-autonomy stands out as a unique character. Contemporary colonialism appears in peoples' agenda even in the daily practices and decisions, particularly when they immigrate, establish a new life and become unseen actors in economic and social relationships. Consequently, Semi-Autonomous Colonialism is a model of modern colonialism in which the strategies and mechanisms of exploitation become invisible. Keywords: Migration, Forced Displacement, Syrian Refugees, Colonialism, Habitus, Power Relations, Subjectivit

All-fiber-integrated soliton-similariton laser with in-line fiber filter

Cataloged from PDF version of article.We demonstrate an all-fiber-integrated Er-doped fiber laser operating in the soliton–similariton mode-locking regime. In the similariton part of the cavity, a self-similarly evolving parabolic pulse with highly linear chirp propagates in the presence of normal dispersion. Following an in-line fiber-based birefringent filter, the pulse evolves into a soliton in the part of the cavity with anomalous dispersion. The similariton and the soliton pulses are dechirped to 75.5 and 167.2 fs, respectively, outside of the cavity. Mode-locked operation is very robust, owing to the influence of the two similariton and soliton attractors that predominate each half of the laser cavity. The experimental results are supported with numerical simulations, which provide good agreement

83 W, 3.1 MHz, square-shaped, 1 ns-pulsed all-fiber-integrated laser for micromachining

Cataloged from PDF version of article.We demonstrate an all-fiber-integrated laser based on off-the-shelf components producing square-shaped, 1 ns-long pulses at 1.03 mu m wavelength with 3.1 MHz repetition rate and 83 W of average power. The master-oscillator power-amplifier system is seeded by a fiber oscillator utilizing a nonlinear optical loop mirror and producing incompressible pulses. A simple technique is employed to demonstrate that the pulses indeed have a random chirp. We propose that the long pulse duration should result in more efficient material removal relative to picosecond pulses, while being short enough to minimize heat effects, relative to nanosecond pulses commonly used in micromachining. Micromachining of Ti surfaces using 0.1 ns, 1 ns and 100 ns pulses supports these expectations. (C) 2011 Optical Society of Americ

Femtosecond laser-induced TiO2 nano structures on titanium

We report formation of polarization-dependent nanostructures (nanolines, nanocircles) by high repetition-rate femtosecond laser pulses on titanium surface through a novel mechanism, converting Ti to TiO2. Arbitrarily large-area patterns are created by self-stitching of these patterns. © 2010 Optical Society of America

All-fiber high-energy yb-doped fiber amplifier

We report a robust, all-fiber amplifier seeded by a fiber oscillator. Seed pulses at 1 MHz repetition rate are amplified up to 3 μJ, delivering 1 μJ-energy, 170 fs-long pulses. Duration reduces to 120 fs at 1 μJ amplifier output. These are the highest peak powers from an integrated fiber source. © 2009 IEEE

Spectrally breathing femtosecond pulses from an Er-doped fiber laser

We report order-of-magnitude spectral breathing in a dispersion-managed Er-fiber laser with an intracavity bandpass filter. This is to our knowledge the highest of any laser reported. Pulse energy is 1.7 nJ, width is 110 fs. © 2008 IEEE

Nonlinearity engineering of mode-locked fiber lasers: Similariton and soliton-similariton lasers

Fiber lasers are attractive with their simplicity, high powers and low cost. However, propagation of short pulses in optical fiber leads to nonlinear effects, which limit the technical performance. These effects drive rich dynamics, which is interesting from a fundamental perspective. The nonlinear waves community has unraveled the fascinating world of solitons and similaritons through experiments in fibers. This paper overviews the recent development of the soliton-similariton laser. The original similariton laser was the first to work with nonlinear effects, rather than minimizing or compensating them. In the soliton-similariton laser, the propagation is strongly nonlinear everywhere. © 2011 IEEE

Soliton-similariton fibre laser

Rapid progress in passively mode-locked fibre lasers is currently driven by the recent discovery of new mode-locking mechanisms, namely, the self-similarly evolving pulse (similariton) and the all-normal-dispersion (dissipative soliton) regimes. These are fundamentally different from the previously known soliton and dispersion-managed soliton (stretched-pulse) regimes. Here, we report a fibre laser in which the mode-locked pulse evolves as a similariton in the gain segment and transforms into a regular soliton in the rest of the cavity. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of similaritons in the presence of gain, that is, amplifier similaritons, within a laser cavity. The existence of solutions in a dissipative nonlinear cavity comprising a periodic combination of two distinct nonlinear waves is novel and likely to be applicable to various other nonlinear systems. For very large filter bandwidths, our laser approaches the working regime of dispersion-managed soliton lasers; for very small anomalous-dispersion segment lengths it approaches dissipative soliton lasers. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Doxorubicin Induced Nephrotoxicity: Protective Effect of Nicotinamide

Introduction. Nephrotoxicity is one of the important side effects of anthracycline antibiotics. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nicotinamide (NAD), an antioxidant agent, against nephrotoxicity induced by doxorubicin (DXR). Methods. The rats were divided into control, NAD alone, doxorubicin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) and DXR plus NAD (200 mg/kg, i.p.) groups. At the end of the 10th day, kidney tissues were removed for light microscopy and analysis. The level of tissues' catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) activities were determined. Results. The activities of CAT, GPx, and GSH were decreased, and Po was increased in renal tissue of doxorubicin group compared with other groups. The tissue of the doxorubicin group showed some histopathological changes such as glomerular vacuolization and degeneration, adhesion to Bowman's capsule and thickening and untidiness of tubular and glomerular capillary basement membranes. Histopathological examination showed that NAD prevented partly DXR-induced tubular and glomerular damage. Conclusions. Pretreatment with NAD protected renal tissues against DXR-induced nephrotoxicity. Preventive effects of NAD on these renal lesions may be via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action

Doping management for high-power fiber lasers: 100 W, few-picosecond pulse generation from an all-fiber-integrated amplifier

Cataloged from PDF version of article.Thermal effects, which limit the average power, can be minimized by using low-doped, longer gain fibers, whereas the presence of nonlinear effects requires use of high-doped, shorter fibers to maximize the peak power. We propose the use of varying doping levels along the gain fiber to circumvent these opposing requirements. By analogy to dispersion management and nonlinearity management, we refer to this scheme as doping management. As a practical first implementation, we report on the development of a fiber laser-amplifier system, the last stage of which has a hybrid gain fiber composed of high-doped and low-doped Yb fibers. The amplifier generates 100 W at 100 MHz with pulse energy of 1 mu J. The seed source is a passively mode-locked fiber oscillator operating in the all-normal-dispersion regime. The amplifier comprises three stages, which are all-fiber-integrated, delivering 13 ps pulses at full power. By optionally placing a grating compressor after the first stage amplifier, chirp of the seed pulses can be controlled, which allows an extra degree of freedom in the interplay between dispersion and self-phase modulation. This way, the laser delivers 4.5 ps pulses with similar to 200 kW peak power directly from fiber, without using external pulse compression. (C) 2012 Optical Society of Americ