Dampak Keberadaan Indomaret terhadap Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Pedagang Pasar Tradisional di Kelurahan Terjun Kecamatan Medan Marelan

The research aims to find out how much of an impact since the existence Indomaret outlets in the city field, particularly in sub-urban terrain Marelan plunge towards the existing wholesalers around the traditional market. In fact the existence of traditional markets is uneven and there were so many, and is very close to the traditional market in particular wholesaler. Giving rise to concerns of the wholesalers themselves. Place researchers doing research there are some problems related to competition, seemed to have stood 4 Indomaret outlets were located very close to the wholesaler or Indomaret itself. The condition causes many consumers are turning to shopping digerai Indomaret, but before the establishment of the booth, consumers do their shopping at a wholesaler. The techniques with descriptive methods - that is, with reference to qualitative research strategies, such as in-depth interviews (deep interview) and reporting and collection of data through observation of their activities observed. Descriptive Methodology - Qualitative allow researchers to analyze the effects produced by the presence of Indomaret outlets to wholesalers, as well as permission to build a store in the city Indomaret field. This study lead to the conclusion that there are many impacts of development Indomaret outlets around the traditional market and around the wholesaler. The existence of modern aka mini branded stores Indomaret in northern Sumatra, especially field, is no longer a new story. Residents have started to get used to shopping on network franchises. Unfortunately, as it was a small trader from marginalized sampa some even folded. Impression traditional markets are hot, chaotic, dirty, muddy, unsafe because many pickpockets are very contradictory dengam store modern air conditioning market, comfortable, service, independently and quickly and relatively safe from pickpockets. This condition is a serious threat to the survival of small businesses and medium-sized traders. The presence of shopping centers like malls and shopping centers in its class has now mushroomed in Indonesia and has changed the mindset of Indonesian people to shop in Indonesia

The Comparative Study on the Influence of Early Architectural Design Decisions on Energy Demand: A Case Study in Turkey

The early design process has the most salient design decisions for architects. It is crucial to observe the impact of these design decisions in terms of performance-based design. However, because of the large amount of variance of the performance criteria in the early design parameters, the decision-making is highly arduous. The current study proposes a method to quantify output uncertainty and presents the relationship between independent and dependent variables for providing insight into the decisionmaking process. The energy simulations for hypothetical office building based on TS-825 requirements were executed with cooling and heating demand (kWh/m2 -year) outputs for two different regions, i.e., Erzurum as a cold climate and Izmir as a hot-humid climate. Researchers computed the input parameters' impact on building performance with quasi-random statistical sampling and filtering techniques. Respectively, ineffective parameters eliminated with factor fixing and factor prioritization (i.e., first-order) was realized to sort the most effective parameters with Morris Local Sensitivity Analysis. The interaction (i.e., second-order) between independent variables was analyzed using Global Sensitivity Analysis of Sobol'. The output weighting process was applied for rating each result combining the performance based on output variablesfor the factor mapping. It is the presentation of 100 best solutions in the aspect of the effective range of the input parameters for the mostsignificant reduction in the variance of the output variables. The results were presented with Parallel Coordinate Plot (PCP) for each climate as a comparison. Consequently, the study showed how climate conditions are essential for building energy demand, and design options could be analyzed based on the impact of design decisions

Implikasi Perubahan Tarif Dana Reboisasi dan Provisi Sumber Daya Hutan terhadap Laba Pemegang Konsesi Hutan dan Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak: Studi Kasus Hutan Alam Produksi di Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia

Merosotnya produksi kayu bulat hutan alam menekan penurunan Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak (PNBP) sektor kehutanan. Untuk mengantisipasi penurunan PNBP pemerintah berusaha menaikkan besarnya tarif Provisi Sumber Daya Hutan (PSDH) dan Dana Reboisasi (DR). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji implikasi per- ubahan tarif DR dan PSDH terhadap laba pemegang ijin UPHHK-HA dan PNBP sektor kehutanan, serta potensi pemanfaatan kayu limbah pembalakan sebagai sumber tambahan PNBP sektor kehutanan. Jenis data yang dikumpulkan meliputi: 1) biaya pengelolaan hutan; 2) harga kayu bulat dan 3) limbah pembalakan. Data biaya pe- ngelolaan hutan dan harga kayu bulat diperoleh dari hasil pencatatan dokumen dan wawancara dengan pengelola hutan, sedangkan data limbah pembalakan diperoleh berdasarkan pengukuran di lapangan. Hasil kajian menun- jukkan Perubahan tarif DR dan PSDH secara berbarengan menyebabkan perolehan laba Perusahaan menurun se- besar 22,3%, sedangkan perolehan PNBP meningkat sebesar 29,7%. Hasil kajian menyarankan: 1) kebijakan ke- naikan tarif DR dapat langsung diberlakukan, sementara penetapan harga kayu bulat di Tempat Pengumpulan Kayu (TPn) perlu didasarkan pada suatu metode penetapan yang rasional dan 2) Perubahan tarif DR dan PSDH perlu mempertimbangkan besarnya limbah pembalakan di hutan

In vitro induction of rat liver mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore opening by solvent extracts of Momordica charantia leaves

Alteration of mitochondrial functions such as permeability transition (PT), a process associated with the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, has been found to play a vital role in the apoptotic process induced by certain anti-cancer agents. When triggered, PT facilitates the release of mitochondrial apoptogenic proteins which in turn activate the caspase cascade of apoptosis. Thus, this study investigated the in vitro effects of varying concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg/ml) of different leaf extracts [Crude Water-Soluble Extract (CWSE), Decoction (DE) and Methanol Extract (ME)] of Momordica charantia (M. charantia), a purported anti-cancer plant of the family Cucurbitaceae on normal rat liver mitochondria. Opening of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (MMPTP) was spectrophotometrically assayed under succinate-energized condition. Results obtained showed concentration-dependent and significant (P<0.05) increases in the extents to which MMPTP opening was induced by the three extract types when compared with the control group. Inductions caused by CWSE and DE increased with increasing concentrations while those caused by ME decreased with increasing concentrations, giving the maximum induction at 1.0 mg/ml (8.1-fold increase) of CWSE and the least induction at 1.0 mg/ml (4.3-fold increase) of ME, respectively. Spermine, a reference inhibitor of MMPTP opening, reversed all observed openings. These results indicate that the tested leaf extracts of M. charantia are potent (CWSE being the most potent) MMPTP opening inducers and the pathway by which M. charantia causes apoptosis in cancer cells is probably mitochondrial-mediated (intrinsic).Keywords: Mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore (MMPTP), Momordica charantia, Apoptosis, Spermine

The Impacts of Early Architectural Design Decisions on Building Performance

The early architectural design involves the most salient decisions. However, because of the large amount of variance, the decision-making is highly arduous. This article presents a methodology to enable the most effective design variables to be selected within the most effective value range by presenting a method that allows the measurement of output uncertainty depending on the impact of design decisions on outputs. The methodology was tested with different building functions and climate regions using two-phase sensitivity analysis. The values of design variables were generated with quasi-random sampling. They were sorted with factor prioritization. Ineffective variables were eliminated with factor fixing. Advanced global sensitivity analyses were performed for the total effect. Factor mapping was applied with the output weighting. The results were presented with Parallel Coordinate Plot (PCP). The designers can make selections from alternatives with PCP. Finally, the study demonstrated how climate and building functions should be considered for building performance

Reactive vaccination as a control strategy for pneumococcal meningitis outbreaks in the African meningitis belt: analysis of outbreak data from Ghana

Streptococcus pneumoniae is increasingly recognised as an important cause of bacterial meningitis in the African meningitis belt. The World Health Organization sets guidelines for response to outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis, but there are no current guidelines for outbreaks where S. pneumoniae is implicated. We aimed to evaluate the impact of using a similar response to target outbreaks of vaccine-preventable pneumococcal meningitis in the meningitis belt. Here, we adapt a previous model of reactive vaccination for meningococcal outbreaks to estimate the potential impact of reactive vaccination in a recent pneumococcal meningitis outbreak in the Brong-Ahafo region of central Ghana using weekly line list data on all suspected cases over a period of five months. We determine the sensitivity and specificity of various epidemic thresholds and model the cases and deaths averted by reactive vaccination. An epidemic threshold of 10 suspected cases per 100,000 population per week performed the best, predicting large outbreaks with 100% sensitivity and more than 85% specificity. In this outbreak, reactive vaccination would have prevented a lower number of cases per individual vaccinated (approximately 15,300 doses per case averted) than previously estimated for meningococcal outbreaks. Since the burden of death and disability from pneumococcal meningitis is higher than that from meningococcal meningitis, there may still be merit in considering reactive vaccination for outbreaks of pneumococcal meningitis. More outbreak data are needed to refine our model estimates. Whatever policy is followed, we emphasize the importance of timely laboratory confirmation of suspected cases to enable appropriate decisions about outbreak response.LVC is supported by a studentship from Trinity Hall College