La letra de cambio: un instrumento de pago del donativo a la Hacienda Real en Canarias (s. XVII)

Los mecanismos de financiación de la deuda de la Hacienda castellana en el siglo XVII fueron insuficientes. Ello compelió a dicha institución a la búsqueda de nuevas fuentes de ingresos mediante cargas extraordinarias, y el donativo fue una de ellas. Sin embargo, la escasez de recursos indujo a la Corona a la búsqueda de otros medios, como la letra de cambio. Ésta brindaba la posibilidad de suministrar los pagos del donativo mediante el crédito que proporcionaba a los agentes que operaban con ella, como funcionarios reales, cargos públicos y mercaderes. Fueron estos últimos los intermediarios encargados de recabar el dinero en metálico en plazas de proyección internacional, en virtud de los acuerdos suscritos entre ellos en las letras emitidas. Así, la Corona se involucraba también en el crédito del Mundo Moderno.In the seventeenth century, the financial management of the Castilian debt forced the Treasury to look for new sources of income. The donativo was one of those extraordinary taxes. However, the insufficiency of cash induced the Crown to use other medium of payment, such us bill of exchange. The possibility of credit was achieved. Agents like government employees or merchants worked with it and they were the intermediaries in charge of collecting cash in international places. Therefore, the Castilian Crown entered into the credit lines of Modern World

The Configuration of a Fiscal-Type Municipal Treasury. The Case of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 1850-1880

La pedanía de Santa Cruz de Tenerife accedió a la categoría de villa exenta en 1803, para luego adquirir el rango de capital provincial por el sistema político-administrativo propuesto por el régimen liberal. Por ello, el municipio debió constituir su hacienda de manera ex novo, aunque no consiguió disponer de los recursos económicos necesarios. Desde 1850, se creó una hacienda de carácter fiscal que hizo factible comenzar a dotar de bienes esenciales a la nueva urbe. Ello se vio acompañado de una mejora de sus actividades económicas, principalmente del comercio, el puerto e industrias asociadas. En el presente trabajo estudiaremos las transformaciones socioeconómicas que se produjeron a mediados del siglo xix, para luego adentrarnos en el análisis de la nueva configuración de la hacienda municipal.The district of Santa Cruz de Tenerife acceded to the category of villa exenta in 1803, to then acquire the rank of provincial capital by the political-administrative system proposed by the liberal regime. For this reason, the municipality had to establish its treasury ex novo, although it did not manage to have the necessary economic resources. From 1850, it had a fiscal-type municipal treasury for the provision of essential services required by the new city. This was accompanied by an improvement in their economic activities, mainly in the commerce, the port and its associated industries. In the present work we will study the socioeconomic transformations that took place in the middle of the xix century, to later get into the analysis of the new configuration of the municipal treasury

The Carta Económica Municipal: An Exceptional Financing Mechanism for Canarian Municipalities, 1953-1972

Desde los años cuarenta del siglo xx, las haciendas municipales canarias vieron mermados sus ingresos por los efectos negativos de la Guerra Civil y la posterior política autárquica. La Carta Económica Municipal, que se aprobó en casi todas las islas Canarias, constituyó un ingreso que derivaban los cabildos insulares a los municipios de sus respectivas islas. Procedía del arbitrio ad valorem sobre la importación y exportación de mercancías y pretendía ayudar a los municipios a aliviar su situación económica y contribuir a la mejora del bienestar social. En el presente trabajo, analizaremos el impacto de este recurso en los distintos municipios de Tenerife, que fue clave para el proceso de urbanización de la isla. Asimismo, estudiaremos la implantación del régimen de Carta Económica en las otras islas para evaluar las diferencias existentes con el de Tenerife.From the forties of the twentieth century, the incomes of the Canarian municipal treasuries diminished due to the negative effects of the Civil War and the subsequent autarchic policy. The Carta Económica Municipal, which was approved in almost all the Canary Islands, constituted an income that the cabildos insulares derived to the municipalities of their respective island. It proceeded from the ad valorem tax on the import and export of merchandise and intended to help the municipalities to alleviate their economic situation and contribute to the improvement of social welfare. In the present work, we will analyze the impact of this resource in the different municipalities of Tenerife, which was the key to the process of urbanization of the island. Also, we will study the implementation of the Carta Económica Municipal regime in the other islands to evaluate the existing differences with Tenerife

Proceso de un protesto de letra de cambio en Canarias a comienzos del siglo XVII

Este estudio sobre el proceso de protesto de una letra de cambio librada en Tenerife a principios del siglo XVII para ser pagada en Oporto, nos ayuda a comprender la transformación de la letra de cambio en un instrumento de crédito. Además, contribuye a indicarnos el papel financiero que debió ejercer el Archipiélago Canario durante este período en el contexto del comercio internacional, en el que participa a través del intercambio de vinos por mercaderías o dinero.The process of protest of a bill of exchange, which was drawn in XVII th century in Teneriffe to be paid in Oporto, is studied in this paper. It can help us to understand the transformation of the bill of exchange in a credit instrument and, at the same time, it shows us the financial importance of Canary Islands during that century due to their role in the international trade

Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 1936-1972. A study of its municipal treasury during the francoism

Este artículo estudia la hacienda municipal de Santa Cruz de Tenerife en un período crucial de su historia. Tiene como base documental las liquidaciones presupuestarias y se articula en dos apartados. El primero examina los ingresos, en los que desempeña un papel esencial la denominada la Carta Económica Municipal, una fuente de financiación única y singular aportada por el Cabildo Insular de Tenerife. El segundo apartado estudia el gasto, que, al igual que el ingreso, experimentó un fuerte crecimiento durante la década de 1960, coincidiendo con la nueva inserción de la economía isleña en el escenario internacional.This article studies the municipal treasury of Santa Cruz de Tenerife at a crucial period in its history. It has as a base the budgetary settlements and is divided into two sections. The first examines the income, where the so-called Carta Económica Municipal plays an essential role, a unique source of funding provided by the Cabildo Insular de Tenerife. The second section studies the budgetary expenditure, which, like income, had a strong growth during the 1960s, coinciding with the new insertion of the island economy in the international scenario

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially