Long-path averaged mixing ratios of O3 and NO2 in the free troposphere from mountain MAX-DOAS

A new approximation is proposed to estimate O3 and NO2 mixing ratios in the northern subtropical free troposphere (FT). The proposed method uses O4 slant column densities (SCDs) at horizontal and near-zenith geometries to estimate a station-level differential path. The modified geometrical approach (MGA) is a simple method that takes advantage of a very long horizontal path to retrieve mixing ratios in the range of a few pptv. The methodology is presented, and the possible limitations are discussed. Multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) high-mountain measurements recorded at the Izaña observatory (28° 18' N, 16° 29' W) are used in this study. The results show that under low aerosol loading, O3 and NO2 mixing ratios can be retrieved even at very low concentrations. The obtained mixing ratios are compared with those provided by in situ instrumentation at the observatory. The MGA reproduces the O3 mixing ratio measured by the in situ instrumentation with a difference of 28%. The different air masses scanned by each instrument are identified as a cause of the discrepancy between the O3 observed by MAX-DOAS and the in situ measurements. The NO2 is in the range of 20–40 ppt, which is below the detection limit of the in situ instrumentation, but it is in agreement with measurements from previous studies for similar conditions.We acknowledge the support of AMISOC (Atmospheric Minor Species relevant to the Ozone Chemistry at both sides of the Subtropical jet, contract number CGL2011-24891), and NORS (Demonstration Network of Ground-Based Remote Sensing Observations in support of the GMES Atmospheric Service) integrated project under the 7th Framework Programme (contract number FP7-SPACE-2011-284421)

Iodine monoxide in the north subtropical free troposphere

Iodine monoxide (IO) differential slant column densities (DSCD) have been retrieved from a new multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instrument deployed at the Iza˜na subtropical observatory as part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) programme.We acknowledge the support of the European Commission through the GEOmon (Global Earth Observation and Monitoring) Integrated Project under the 6th Framework Program (contract number FP6-2005-Global-4-036677) and NORS (Demonstration Network Of ground-based Remote Sensing Observations in support of the GMES Atmospheric Service) Integrated Project under the 7th Framework Program (contract number FP7-SPACE- 2011-284421)

Regular consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages increases the lipid-metabolic profile and adiposity among university students from Colombia

Objetivo Examinar si el consumo de bebidas azucaradas se relaciona con alteraciones en el perfil lipídico-metabólico y con marcadores de adiposidad en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de Colombia. Métodos Estudio transversal en 280 voluntarios (73,9% varones) de 3 universidades de Colombia. El consumo de bebidas azucaradas se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia de ingesta en los últimos 7 días (BEVQ-15) en los dominios: bebidas azucaradas carbonatadas y refrescos de jugo. Se identificó la cantidad y la frecuencia de consumo (nunca, una vez, 2-3 veces y +4 veces/sem). Se obtuvieron datos bioquímicos de glucosa, colesterol total, triglicéridos, c-HDL, c-LDL, índice arterial e índice de Castelli. Se calculó el índice lipídico-metabólico según las concentraciones de triglicéridos, c-LDL, c-HDL y glucosa. La circunferencia de cintura, el índice de masa corporal, el índice de adiposidad corporal y el porcentaje de grasa corporal por impedancia bioeléctrica se usaron como marcadores de adiposidad. Resultados En el grupo de varones, los participantes que acusaron mayor consumo de bebidas azucaradas (+4 veces/sem) presentaron mayores valores de circunferencia de cintura, porcentaje de grasa corporal, colesterol total, triglicéridos, c-LDL, así como en los índices de Castelli y arterial (p = NS). En mujeres se observó esta relación en el índice de masa corporal, la circunferencia de cintura, el porcentaje de grasa corporal, los triglicéridos y el c-LDL (p tendencia 4 times per week). Data for biomarkers included total cholesterol, triglycerides, c-HDL, c-LDL, arterial index and Castelli index. Lipid-metabolic index was calculated through serum concentrations of triglycerides, c-HDL, c-LDL and glucose. Waist circumference, body mass index and fat mass percentage were evaluated via bioelectrical impedance and used as markers of adiposity. Results Male reported higher sugar-sweetened beverages consumption (> 4 times/wk) and elicited higher values of fat mass, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglycerides, c-LDL and Castelli and arterial indices (P = NS). These relationships were also observed among women for body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass, triglycerides and c-LDL (P < .05). Furthermore, higher sugar-sweetened beverages consumption categories were negatively associated with lipid-metabolic index (P < .05) after adjustments by sex, age and body mass index. Conclusion A higher sugar-sweetened beverages consumption was associated with a major lipid-metabolic profile and also with higher concentrations of adiposity markers among university students from Colombia

NO2 climatology in the northern subtropical region: diurnal, seasonal and interannual variability

Daily NO2 vertical column density (VCD) has been routinely measured by zenith sky spectroscopy at the subtropical station of Izaña (28° N, 16° W) since 1993 in the framework of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). Based on 14 years of data the first low latitude NO2 VCD climatology has been established and the main characteristics from short timescales of one day to interannual variability are presented. Instrumental descriptions and different sources of errors are described in detail. The observed diurnal cycle follows that expected by gas-phase NOx chemistry, as can be shown by the good agreement with a vertically integrated chemical box model, and is modulated by solar radiation. The seasonal evolution departs from the phase of the hours of daylight, indicating the signature of upper stratospheric temperature changes. From the data record (1993–2006) no significant long-term trends in NO2 VCD can be inferred. Comparison of the ground-based data sets with nadir-viewing satellite spectrometers shows excellent agreement for SCIAMACHY with differences between both datasets of 1.1%. GOME displays unrealistic features with the largest discrepancies during summer. The ground-based data are compared with long-term output of the SLIMCAT 3-D chemical transport model (CTM). The basic model, forced by ECMWF (ERA-40) analyses, captures the observed NO2 annual cycle but significantly underestimates the spring/summer maximum (by 12% at sunset and up to 25% at sunrise). In a model run which uses assimilation of satellite CH4 profiles to constrain the model long-lived tracers the agreement is significantly improved. This improvement in modelled column NO2 is due to better modelled NOy profiles and points to transport errors in the ECMWF ERA-40 reanalyses.Routine measurements have been possible thanks to the funding provided by the projects QUILT (EU EVK2-CT2000-0059) SCOUT-O3 (EU 505390-GOCE-CT-2004), TROMPETA (MCyT CGL2004-03669) and is on-going through GEOMON (EU FP6-2005-Global-4- 036677)

[Montreal 1976] [Material gráfico]

Contiene fotografías pertenecientes al archivo fotográfico del diario "Región", publicadas entre 1974 y 1976, aunque la mayoría en 1976Todas las fotografías firmadas por Foto E. Gar (Oviedo), Cifra Gráfica, y EF

Regular consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages increases the lipid-metabolic profile and adiposity among university students from Colombia

Objetivo Examinar si el consumo de bebidas azucaradas se relaciona con alteraciones en el perfil lipídico-metabólico y con marcadores de adiposidad en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de Colombia. Métodos Estudio transversal en 280 voluntarios (73,9% varones) de 3 universidades de Colombia. El consumo de bebidas azucaradas se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia de ingesta en los últimos 7 días (BEVQ-15) en los dominios: bebidas azucaradas carbonatadas y refrescos de jugo. Se identificó la cantidad y la frecuencia de consumo (nunca, una vez, 2-3 veces y +4 veces/sem). Se obtuvieron datos bioquímicos de glucosa, colesterol total, triglicéridos, c-HDL, c-LDL, índice arterial e índice de Castelli. Se calculó el índice lipídico-metabólico según las concentraciones de triglicéridos, c-LDL, c-HDL y glucosa. La circunferencia de cintura, el índice de masa corporal, el índice de adiposidad corporal y el porcentaje de grasa corporal por impedancia bioeléctrica se usaron como marcadores de adiposidad. Resultados En el grupo de varones, los participantes que acusaron mayor consumo de bebidas azucaradas (+4 veces/sem) presentaron mayores valores de circunferencia de cintura, porcentaje de grasa corporal, colesterol total, triglicéridos, c-LDL, así como en los índices de Castelli y arterial (p = NS). En mujeres se observó esta relación en el índice de masa corporal, la circunferencia de cintura, el porcentaje de grasa corporal, los triglicéridos y el c-LDL (p tendencia 4 times per week). Data for biomarkers included total cholesterol, triglycerides, c-HDL, c-LDL, arterial index and Castelli index. Lipid-metabolic index was calculated through serum concentrations of triglycerides, c-HDL, c-LDL and glucose. Waist circumference, body mass index and fat mass percentage were evaluated via bioelectrical impedance and used as markers of adiposity. Results Male reported higher sugar-sweetened beverages consumption (> 4 times/wk) and elicited higher values of fat mass, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglycerides, c-LDL and Castelli and arterial indices (P = NS). These relationships were also observed among women for body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass, triglycerides and c-LDL (P < .05). Furthermore, higher sugar-sweetened beverages consumption categories were negatively associated with lipid-metabolic index (P < .05) after adjustments by sex, age and body mass index. Conclusion A higher sugar-sweetened beverages consumption was associated with a major lipid-metabolic profile and also with higher concentrations of adiposity markers among university students from Colombia

El consumo regular de bebidas azucaradas incrementa el perfil lipídico-metabólico y los niveles de adiposidad en universitarios de Colombia

Objetivo: Examinar si el consumo de bebidas azucaradas se relaciona con alteraciones en el perfil lipídico-metabólico y con marcadores de adiposidad en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de Colombia. Métodos: Estudio transversal en 280 voluntarios (73,9% varones) de 3 universidades de Colombia. El consumo de bebidas azucaradas se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia de ingesta en los últimos 7 días (BEVQ-15) en los dominios: bebidas azucaradas carbonatadas y refrescos de jugo. Se identificó la cantidad y la frecuencia de consumo (nunca, una vez, 2-3 veces y +4 veces/sem). Se obtuvieron datos bioquímicos de glucosa, colesterol total, triglicéridos, c-HDL, c-LDL, índice arterial e índice de Castelli. Se calculó el índice lipídico-metabólico según las concentraciones de triglicéridos, c-LDL, c-HDL y glucosa. La circunferencia de cintura, el índice de masa corporal, el índice de adiposidad corporal y el porcentaje de grasa corporal por impedancia bioeléctrica se usaron como marcadores de adiposidad. Resultados: En el grupo de varones, los participantes que acusaron mayor consumo de bebidas azucaradas (+4 veces/sem) presentaron mayores valores de circunferencia de cintura, porcentaje de grasa corporal, colesterol total, triglicéridos, c-LDL, así como en los índices de Castelli y arterial (p = NS). En mujeres se observó esta relación en el índice de masa corporal, la circunferencia de cintura, el porcentaje de grasa corporal, los triglicéridos y el c-LDL (p tendencia < 0,05). En las categorías más altas de consumo (2-3 y +4 veces/sem) se observó una relación inversa con el índice lipídico-metabólico (p < 0,05) tras ajustar por sexo, edad e índice de masa corporal. Conclusión: El incremento en el consumo de bebidas azucaradas se relacionó con un mayor perfil lipídico-metabólico y con marcadores de adiposidad elevados en universitarios colombianos

Long-path averaged mixing ratios of O3 and NO2 in the free troposphere from mountain MAX-DOAS [Discussion paper]

A new approximation is proposed to estimate O3 and NO2 mixing ratios in the northern subtropical free troposphere (FT). The proposed method uses O4 slant column densities (SCDs) at horizontal and near-zenith geometries to estimate a station-level differential path. The modified geometrical approach (MGA) is a simple method that takes advantage of a very long horizontal path to retrieve mixing ratios in the range of a few pptv. The methodology is presented, and the possible limitations are discussed. Multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) high-mountain measurements recorded at the Izaña observatory (28° 18' N, 16° 29' W) are used in this study. The results show that under low aerosol loading, O3 and NO2 mixing ratios can be retrieved even at very low concentrations. The obtained mixing ratios are compared with those provided by in situ instrumentation at the observatory. The MGA reproduces the O3 mixing ratio measured by the in situ instrumentation with a difference of 28%. The different air masses scanned by each instrument are identified as a cause of the discrepancy between the O3 observed by MAX-DOAS and the in situ measurements. The NO2 is in the range of 20–40 ppt, which is below the detection limit of the in situ instrumentation, but it is in agreement with measurements from previous studies for similar conditions.We acknowledge the support of AMISOC (Atmospheric Minor Species relevant to the Ozone Chemistry at both sides of the Subtropical jet, contract number CGL2011-24891), and NORS (Demonstration Network Of ground-based Remote Sensing Observations in support of the GMES Atmospheric Service) Integrated Project under the 7th Framework Program (contract number FP7-SPACE-2011-284421

NO2 climatology in the northern subtropical region: diurnal, seasonal and interannual variability [Discussion paper]

Daily NO2 vertical column density (VCD) has been routinely measured by zenith sky spectroscopy at the subtropical station of Izaña (28° N, 16° W) since 1993 in the framework of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). Based on 14 years of data the first low latitude NO2 VCD climatology has been established and the main characteristics from short timescales of one day to interannual variability are presented. Instrumental descriptions and different sources of errors are described in detail. The observed diurnal cycle follows that expected by gas-phase NOx chemistry, as can be shown by the good agreement with a vertically integrated chemical box model, and is modulated by solar radiation. The seasonal evolution departs from the phase of the hours of daylight, indicating the signature of upper stratospheric temperature changes. From the data record (1993–2006) no significant long-term trends in NO2 VCD can be inferred.Routine measurements have been possible thanks to the funding provided by the projects QUILT (EU EVK2-CT2000-0059) SCOUT-O3 (EU 505390-GOCE-CT-2004), TROMPETA (MCyT CGL2004-03669) and is on-going through 15 GEOMON (EU FP6-2005-Global-4-036677)

Tourists perceptions of Caribbean islands facing environmental threats before the COVID-19 health crisis: Holbox Island and Archipelago of Bocas del Toro

Data from the tourists´ surveys were analyzed by summing up the number of responses for each answer category of each survey question. All information was plotted into bar charts. To further explore the differences between the responses of tourists in Holbox and ABT