Antimicrobial Properties of Glycerol Monolaurate Either Alone or Combined With Selected Organic Acids Against Listeria Monocytogenes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of glycerol monolaurate (monolaurin) either alone or in combination with organic acids against Listeria monocytogenes in model broth or food. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of monolaurin was reduced by decreasing the pH value of the medium. The contribution of temperature to monolaurin effectiveness showed that lethal effects of monolaurin increased at higher temperatures and lower pH values, whereas, bacteriostatic effects on growth increased as temperature and pH decreased. The inhibitory effect of ethanol on the growth of L. monocytogenes was slight up to 2.5% ethanol, but was significant in the presence of 5% ethanol. When monolaurin was combined with ethanol, MIC value of the combination was not changed compared to that of the most active single compound alone. MIC value was lower when monolaurin was combined with lactic acid. Synergistic effects were observed when monolaurin was combined with acetic, benzoic, or lactic acid, whereas, there was little interaction when monolaurin was combined with citric acid or ethanol. Planktonic cells exposed to 50 or 100 $\mu$g/ml monolaurin were much more sensitive than were adherent cells, while 1-d adherent cells on stainless steel exposed to 50 or 100 $\mu$g/ml monolaurin were more sensitive than 7-d adherent cells in tryptic soy broth or diluted tryptic soy broth. However, the inactivation effect on those cells significantly increased (P $\u3c$ 0.05) when 50 or 100 $\mu$g/ml monolaurin was combined with 1% acetic acid. Heat effects on planktonic cells, 1-d, or 7-d adherent cells at 55\sp\circC were lower, but inactivation was more enhanced at 65\sp\circC. However, planktonic cells, 1-d, or 7-d adherent cells exposed to 50 or 100 $\mu$g/ml monolaurin at 65\sp\circC were completely inactivated. Air-, vacuum-, or modified atmosphere-package effects combined with 200 $\mu$g/ml monolaurin or 0.5% lactic acid on crawfish tail meat inoculated with 10\sp3 cells/g of L. monocytogenes at 4\sp\circC were not different (P $\u3e$ 0.05) compared with controls. However, each package containing crawfish tail meat treated with 200 $\mu$g/g monolaurin combined with 0.5% lactic acid significantly enhanced (P $\u3c$ 0.05) the inhibitory effect. Results indicate that 200 $\mu$g/ml monolaurin, 0.5% lactic acid, and MAP had the greatest potential to inhibit growth of the bacterium

Curcumin and Its Derivatives as Theranostic Agents in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Implication of Nanotechnology

Curcumin is a polyphenolic natural compound with diverse and attractive biological properties, which may prevent or ameliorate pathological processes underlying age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia, or mode disorders. AD is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that is known as one of the rapidly growing diseases, especially in the elderly population. Moreover, being the eminent cause of dementia, posing problems for families, societies as well a severe burden on the economy. There are no effective drugs to cure AD. Although curcumin and its derivatives have shown properties that can be considered useful in inhibiting the hallmarks of AD, however, they have low bioavailability. Furthermore, to combat diagnostic and therapeutic limitations, various nanoformulations have also been recognized as theranostic agents that can also enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of curcumin and other bioactive compounds. Nanocarriers have shown beneficial properties to deliver curcumin and other nutritional compounds against the blood-brain barrier to efficiently distribute them in the brain. This review spotlights the role and effectiveness of curcumin and its derivatives in AD. Besides, the gut metabolism of curcumin and the effects of nanoparticles and their possible activity as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in AD also discussed

Crosstalk between Gut and Brain in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Role of Gut Microbiota Modulation Strategies

The gut microbiota (GM) represents a diverse and dynamic population of microorganismsand about 100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells that dwell in the gastrointestinal tract. Studiessuggest that the GM can influence the health of the host, and several factors can modify the GMcomposition, such as diet, drug intake, lifestyle, and geographical locations. Gut dysbiosis can affectbrain immune homeostasis through the microbiota–gut–brain axis and can play a key role in thepathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therelationship between gut dysbiosis and AD is still elusive, but emerging evidence suggests that it canenhance the secretion of lipopolysaccharides and amyloids that may disturb intestinal permeabilityand the blood–brain barrier. In addition, it can promote the hallmarks of AD, such as oxidativestress, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta formation, insulin resistance, and ultimately the causationof neural death. Poor dietary habits and aging, along with inflammatory responses due to dysbiosis,may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, GM modulation through diet, probiotics, or fecalmicrobiota transplantation could represent potential therapeutics in AD. In this review, we discussthe role of GM dysbiosis in AD and potential therapeutic strategies to modulate GM in AD.<br/

Effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water on amino acid and phenolic profiling of germinated brown rice sprouts and their antioxidant potential

This study investigated the effectiveness of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW ACC-10 ppm) on the accumulation of total flavonoids content, total phenolic content, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds over the tap and distilled water during germination. Germination was carried out with moisture content (20–30%) at 35 ± 1 °C in Co2 incubator using tap water, distilled water, and SAEW pH-5.5, ACC-10 ppm. SAEW was used to decontaminate natural microbiota from the rice outer layer and to check its effect on rice bioactive components. Nevertheless, after 48 h, SAEW germination showed detrimental effects on germination potential and germination rate in brown rice. The germination enhanced GABA content from 1.8 mg/L to 7.35 mg/L showing an increase of about three times. HPLC-FLD-MS/MS and UHPLCQ-TOF- MS/MS approaches were applied to analyze amino acids &amp; phenolics in brown rice samples. In our study, germination using SAEW affected GABA content and enhanced other amino acids, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, and ascorbic acid as compared with the raw, tap, and distilled water germination. Results indicated that SAEW in germination might enhance the bioactive compounds of grains so it can be utilized for germination and functional food production safely in the food sector

Effect of Fermentation on the Bioactive Compounds of the Black Soybean and Their Anti-Alzheimer's Activity

Black soybean is one of the nutritious crops and is being used in traditional medicines in Asian countries. In the present study, we fermented black soybean and screened against in vitro Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers such as cholinesterase enzymes, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and presence of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels. Firstly, we fermented black soybean with different lactic acid bacteria (LABs) and selected the Pediococcus acidilactici as the best LAB on the basis of GABA levels in the fermentate. We have found that black soybean fermented with P. acidilactici significantly inhibited the inflammatory factors (proteinase, protein denaturation, and lipoxygenase) and cholinesterase enzymes than non-fermented samples. An increase in the antioxidant capacity (FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH), anthocyanins, phenolics, flavonoids, and GABA content was also observed in fermented samples. Moreover, UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS technique identified 38 bioactive components, including polyphenols, amino acids, and fatty acids. Among identified components, eight bioactive compounds were quantified, and an increase in the concentration of daidzein, genistein, glycitein, (+)-catechin, quercetin, and gallic acid was observed in fermented samples. However, the concentration of rutin and soyasaponin was higher in raw samples. These results indicated that fermentation of black soybean with P. acidilactici is a promising approach that can be used to develop functional foods to inhibit/prevent AD and other neurodegenerative diseases

Curcumin, Quercetin, Catechins and Metabolic Diseases: The Role of Gut Microbiota

Polyphenols (PPs) are the naturally occurring bioactive components in fruits and vegetables, and they are the most abundant antioxidant in the human diet. Studies are suggesting that ingestion of PPs might be helpful to ameliorate metabolic syndromes that may contribute in the prevention of several chronic disorders like diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and colon cancer. PPs have structural diversity which impacts their bioavailability as they accumulate in the large intestine and are extensively metabolized through gut microbiota (GM). Intestinal microbiota transforms PPs into their metabolites to make them bioactive. Interestingly, not only GM act on PPs to metabolize them but PPs also modulate the composition of GM. Thus, change in GM from pathogenic to beneficial ones may be helpful to ameliorate gut health and associated diseases. However, to overcome the low bioavailability of PPs, various approaches have been developed to improve their solubility and transportation through the gut. In this review, we present evidence supporting the structural changes that occur after metabolic reactions in PPs (curcumin, quercetin, and catechins) and their effect on GM composition that leads to improving overall gut health and helping to ameliorate metabolic disorders

Phytochemical profiling and cellular antioxidant efficacy of different rice varieties in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells exposed to oxidative stress

In the present study, white (Baegilmi), brown (hyunmi) and black (chalheugmi) Korean local rice varieties ethanol extracts were analyzed for in-vitro antioxidant assays (ABTS, FRAP and DPPH), cellular antioxidant activities (CAAs) and phenolic phytochemicals content. The highest antioxidant assays, phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanins content were identified among the free fractions of black rice. Phenolic phytochemicals were detected and quantified using the ultra-high-performance liquid tandem chromatography quadrupole flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS2). Which indicated the richness of several phytochemicals like ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, epigallocatechin and quercetin in black rice than in other rice samples. The cellular antioxidant activities (CAA) of black rice were found equivalent to that of ascorbic acid, the standard employed in the assay. The CAAs of free fractions were as follows: white rice &lt; brown rice &lt; black rice. These findings are significant for enhancing human health through increased consumption of black and brown rice in the development of functional food products

RESPONSE SURFACE MODELING OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES INACTIVATION ON LETTUCE TREATED WITH ELECTROLYZED OXIDIZING WATER

ABSTRACT Electrolyzed oxidizing water has been estimated that it has strong bactericidal activity and has been widely used as a disinfectant for inactivating PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Electrolyzed oxidizing water is an important sanitizer, and nowadays it has been widely used in food industry. Lettuce is regarded as a &quot;healthier&quot; 3 Correspondin

Dokaz protutijela protiv velikog metilja Fasciola hepatica u goveda na otoku Ulleung, Koreja.

We performed a cross-sectional study to estimate the seroprevalence of Fasciola hepatica in herds of cattle on Ulleung island, Korea. Blood samples were collected from randomly selected cattle and the sera were separated and analysed with an ELISA to detect antibodies against F. hepatica. The positive samples were classified as mildly, moderately or strongly positive. Out of 405 cattle sera assessed, 38 (9.4%) were seropositive for antibodies against F. hepatica. From these, 2.5% each were moderately or strongly positive and 4.4% were mildly positive. A significantly higher seroprevalence (P<0.05) was observed in young animals (<2 y old, 15.3%) compared to adults (≥2 y old, 5.4%), while no significant difference in seropositivity was found between male and female animals. This is the the first report of F. hepatica seroprevalence in cattle herds in Korea. These findings may be used to establish a base-line of information for future investigations focused on the significance of F. hepatica in Korea.Provedeno je presječno istraživanje radi procjene seroprevalencije invadiranosti velikim metiljem Fasciola hepatica u stadima goveda na otoku Ulleung u Koreji. Uzorci krvi bili su uzeti od nasumce odabranih goveda, a odvojeni uzorci seruma bili su pretraženi imunoenzimnim testom na prisutnost protutijela specifičnih za velikog metilja. Pozitivni uzorci bili su svrstani u skupine: slabo, umjereno i jako pozitivni. Od 405 pretraženih uzoraka seruma, 38 (9,4%) je bilo pozitivnih na protutijela specifična za metilj F. hepatica. Od toga je 2,5% uzoraka bilo umjereno ili jako pozitivno, a 4,4% slabo pozitivno. Značajno veća seroprevalencija (P<0,05) ustanovljena je u mladih životinja (u dobi manjoj od dvije godine, 15,3%) u usporedbi s odraslima (≥2 godine, 5,4%), dok nije ustanovljena značajna razlika u seropozitivnosti između mužjaka i ženki. Ovo je prvo izvješće o seroprevalenciji velikog metilja u stadima goveda u Koreji. Nalazi mogu biti od koristi za buduća istraživanja o značenju velikog metilja F. hepatica u Koreji

Dokaz protutijela protiv velikog metilja Fasciola hepatica u goveda na otoku Ulleung, Koreja.

We performed a cross-sectional study to estimate the seroprevalence of Fasciola hepatica in herds of cattle on Ulleung island, Korea. Blood samples were collected from randomly selected cattle and the sera were separated and analysed with an ELISA to detect antibodies against F. hepatica. The positive samples were classified as mildly, moderately or strongly positive. Out of 405 cattle sera assessed, 38 (9.4%) were seropositive for antibodies against F. hepatica. From these, 2.5% each were moderately or strongly positive and 4.4% were mildly positive. A significantly higher seroprevalence (P<0.05) was observed in young animals (<2 y old, 15.3%) compared to adults (≥2 y old, 5.4%), while no significant difference in seropositivity was found between male and female animals. This is the the first report of F. hepatica seroprevalence in cattle herds in Korea. These findings may be used to establish a base-line of information for future investigations focused on the significance of F. hepatica in Korea.Provedeno je presječno istraživanje radi procjene seroprevalencije invadiranosti velikim metiljem Fasciola hepatica u stadima goveda na otoku Ulleung u Koreji. Uzorci krvi bili su uzeti od nasumce odabranih goveda, a odvojeni uzorci seruma bili su pretraženi imunoenzimnim testom na prisutnost protutijela specifičnih za velikog metilja. Pozitivni uzorci bili su svrstani u skupine: slabo, umjereno i jako pozitivni. Od 405 pretraženih uzoraka seruma, 38 (9,4%) je bilo pozitivnih na protutijela specifična za metilj F. hepatica. Od toga je 2,5% uzoraka bilo umjereno ili jako pozitivno, a 4,4% slabo pozitivno. Značajno veća seroprevalencija (P<0,05) ustanovljena je u mladih životinja (u dobi manjoj od dvije godine, 15,3%) u usporedbi s odraslima (≥2 godine, 5,4%), dok nije ustanovljena značajna razlika u seropozitivnosti između mužjaka i ženki. Ovo je prvo izvješće o seroprevalenciji velikog metilja u stadima goveda u Koreji. Nalazi mogu biti od koristi za buduća istraživanja o značenju velikog metilja F. hepatica u Koreji