Intractable Haematuria in Pregnancy: Challenges of Management Case Report and Review of Literature

Background: Intractable haematuria is a life threatening and challenging urological emergency. It is more so when it occurs in pregnancy as the lives of both mother and baby are at risk. The safety in pregnancy of most agents or methods used in treatment of this condition is unknown.Materials & methods: A 24 years old pregnant woman at 29 weeks gestation complained of total painless haematuria for days. Ultrasound scan revealed a bladder mass and a viable intrauterine gestation. She was admitted and managed with continuous saline irrigation of the bladder, and repeated blood transfusions as well as fetal monitoring. After 4 weeks, absent fetal heart tone was noticed. She went into spontaneous labour and was delivered of a fresh still born. She then had bladder irrigation with 1% alum solution. The bleeding stopped within 48 hours of treatment and she was discharged 72 hours later.Conclusion: Intravesical alum irrigation is an effective method of treatment, its safety profile in pregnancy is unknown thus more studies in this regard are needed to prevent adverse maternal or perinatal outcomes

Environmental Management Education for Sustainable Development in Nigeria

A major challenge that has faced the human race the world over, especially since the 1970s, is the myriad of environmental problems arising from man's quest for rapid economic development. Countries worldwide have been developing their national policies on the environment to ensure, among others, that environmental concerns are integrated into the major economic decision-making process. Nigeria's document identifies 21 strategies, including Education, for the implementation of the policy. Environmental management is practically multi-disciplinary in scope and requires the training of professionals that will be equipped with critical and analytical skills to provide both preventive and corrective measures to address all types of environmental problems. Unfortunately, only 31 out of 141 Universities and other 52 degree/HND/NCE awarding tertiary institutions in Nigeria offer environmental management programs. This extremely too low and poor record, partly explains why Nigeria's environmental problems seem difficult to tackle. To effectively implement the policy applying the education strategy, through environmental management education is key. This paper therefore recommends that an appropriate and potent educational curriculum at all levels (i.e. from the primary, through secondary to the tertiary level) would lead to sustainable capacity building through environmental management education for sustainable national development

P WAVE ANANYSIS IN ASYMPTOMATIC HEALTHY ADULT NIGERIAN STUDENTS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

The P wave amplitude and duration were measured and analyzed in the 12-lead ECG in a hundred and nine subjects aged between 19 and 30 years. The mean P wave duration was 0.07 ± 0.02 sec. Significant correlation was found between P wave duration and amplitude and various anthropometric measurements. Prediction equation was derived for the mean P wave voltage and the systolic blood pressure. The study has demonstrated the normal range for the P wave duration and amplitude. It thus provides a reference guide for the quantitative interpretations of the P waves of healthy adult Nigerians in Jos

Reasons for cancellations of urologic day care surgery

Objective: The numerous economic and social benefits associated with the practice of day care surgery could be eroded by frequent cancellations. We therefore determined the reasons for such cancellations in a tertiary care centre in Nigeria. Patients and Methods: This was a prospective study of all consecutive urologic day cases seen at Jos University Teaching hospital, Nigeria from January 2003 to December 2004. Results: A total of 270 patients were seen during the study period with ages from 2 weeks to 100 years (median 55 years) and male to female ratio of 14:1. The procedures carried out were mainly urethroscopy /urethrocystoscopy in 103 (38.2%) patients, visual internal urethrotomy in 48 (17.8%) and trucut prostatic biopsy in 33 (12.2%) patients. Sixteen (5.9%), 16(5.9%), 9(3.3%) and 8(3.0%) patients had examination under anaesthesia / bladder biopsy for suspected bladder carcinoma, urethral dilatation, testicular biopsy and total orchidectomy for carcinoma of the prostate respectively. There was a cancellation rate of 15.6% (n=42) mainly due to the inability of the patients to come (24 patients, 57.1%), inadequate materials in the theatre (9 patients, 21.4%), power failure (4 patients, 9.5%), strike action (3 patients, 7.1%) and financial difficulties (2 patients, 4.8%). Conclusion: We are still faced with a high cancellation rate of urologic day cases and these are mainly due to avoidable reasons. Patient as well as physician education and provision of adequate materials and infrastructural development are recommended to reduce these; so as to gain maximally from urologic day surgery practice

Antibiotic use practices of veterinarians and para-veterinarians and the implications for antibiotic stewardship in Nigeria

The aim of this study was to describe the antibiotic use practices of veterinarians and para-veterinarians in Nigeria. An online survey was distributed during November through December 2018 via email and phone to veterinarians and para-veterinarians to collect information on antibiotic use practices. Data were downloaded into Excel and descriptive statistics were presented and analysed. The survey was completed by 390 respondents. Almost all respondents (98.5%, 384/390) recommended the use of antibiotics to treat animal patients, and of these, 93.2% (358/384) were veterinarians and 6.8% (26/384) were para-veterinarians. Most respondents reported commonly recommending the use of oxytetracycline (82.6%, 317/384), tylosin (44.5%, 171/384) and gentamycin (43.8%, 168/384). A third (32.0%, 122/384) of respondents did not undertake antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) prior to antibiotic treatment. At least 60% of the respondents recommended the use of antibiotics for the treatment of non-bacterial pathogens, including viral, helminth and fungal pathogens. Over 55% (217/390) were not aware of government-issued guidelines on antibiotic use in animals, although of those aware, 69% (74/107) utilised the guidelines. Across all respondents, the majority believed legislation or regulation by government can influence the use of antibiotics by animal health professionals. The study highlights areas that can be targeted as part of intervention strategies to promote antimicrobial stewardship by animal health professionals in Nigeria, including the need for increased use of AST as a tool for supporting disease management, increased awareness of appropriate antibiotic use and greater dissemination of antibiotic use guidelines and enforcement of relevant regulation by government authorities. Copyright: © 2021. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License

A Review of the Current Status of Peste des Petits Ruminants Epidemiology in Small Ruminants in Tanzania

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats with high mortality. The disease is of considerable economic importance in countries such as Tanzania, where small ruminant products are important for sustainable livelihoods. This review assesses current knowledge regarding the epidemiology of PPRV in Tanzania, highlighting the challenges with respect to control and suggesting possible interventions. Thirty-three articles were identified after literature searches using Google Scholar and PubMed. Studies revealed that PPRV is endemic in sheep and goats in Tanzania, although seropositivity has also been reported in cattle, camels, buffalo, Grant's gazelle, wildebeest and impala, but with no clinical manifestation. Three lineages (lineage II to IV) of PPRV have been identified in Tanzania, implying at least two separate introductions of the virus. Diagnosis of PPR in Tanzania is mostly by observation of clinical signs and lesions at post mortem. Risk factors in Tanzania include age, sex, species, and close contact of animals from different farms/localities. Although there is an efficacious vaccine available for PPR, poor disease surveillance, low vaccine coverage, and uncontrolled animal movements have been the bane of control efforts for PPR in Tanzania. There is need for collaborative efforts to develop interventions to control and eradicate the disease. The establishment of a national reference laboratory for PPR, conduct of surveillance, the development of high-quality DIVA vaccines, as well as execution of a carefully planned national vaccination campaign may be key to the control and subsequent eradication of PPR in Tanzania and achieving the global goal of eradicating PPR by 2030. © Copyright © 2020 Idoga, Armson, Alafiatayo, Ogwuche, Mijten, Ekiri, Varga and Cook

Baseline assessment of poultry production, pharmaceutical product use, and related challenges on commercial poultry flocks in Kano and Oyo states of Nigeria

Poultry production is a major component of the livestock sector in Nigeria and continues to expand rapidly; however, it is still constrained by low productivity. A farm survey was conducted to provide a baseline assessment of poultry production (products generated, farm costs, and revenue), pharmaceutical use, and related challenges faced by farmers on 44 commercial poultry farms in Oyo and Kano states of Nigeria. Live spent layers, eggs, and used beddings were the most frequently sold products for revenue. Antibiotic products were widely used, the most reported were Doxygen, Tylosin, and Conflox. Overall, 40% of farms used feed additives (including toxin binders, minerals, and vitamins) and 12% used coccidiostats. Access to pharmaceutical products was a key challenge and appeared to disproportionally affect farmers in the northern part (Kano) of Nigeria. Other challenges included perceived antibiotic ineffectiveness, high cost of drugs, and long distances to pharmaceutical suppliers. Challenges related to vaccine use were unavailability, distance to the supplier, and health issues interfering with the vaccination schedule. Study findings highlight the need for improved access to veterinary pharmaceuticals, particularly in the northern states. Further investigations into the causes of antibiotic ineffectiveness and strategies for distribution of high-quality, effective pharmaceuticals are also necessary. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland