A Logic with Kolmogorov Style Conditional Probabilities ⋆

Abstract. In this paper we investigate a probability logic with conditional probability operators. The logic (denoted LP P) allows making statements such as CP≥s(α | β), with the intended meaning ”the conditional probability of α given β is at least s”. Conditional probabilities are P (α∧β) P (β) defined in the usual Kolmogorv style: P (α | β) = , P (β)> 0. A possible-world approach is used to give semantics to probability formulas. An infinitary axiomatic system for our logic is given and the corresponding strong completeness theorem is proved. It is proved that the logic is decidable.

Thermally Induced Structural Transformations of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Embedded in a Silica Matrix

XXV Konferencija Srpskog kristalografskog društva : Bajina Bašta, 2018

Verovatnosno zaključivanje u izračunavanju i teoriji funkcionalnih tipova

This thesis investigates two different approaches for probabilistic reasoning in models of computation. The most usual approach is to extend the language of untyped lambda calculus with probabilistic choice operator which results in probabilistic computation. This approach has shown to be very useful and applicable in various fields, e.g. robotics, natural language processing, and machine learning. Another approach is to extend the language of a typed lambda calculus with probability operators and to obtain a framework for probabilistic reasoning about the typed calculus in the style of probability logic. First, we study the lazy call-by-name probabilistic lambda calculus extended with let-in operator, and program equivalence in the calculus. Since the proof of context equivalence is quite challenging, we investigate some effective methods for proving the program equivalence. Probabilistic applicative bisimilarity has proved to be a suitable tool for proving the context equivalence in probabilistic setting. We prove that the probabilistic applicative bisimilarity is fully abstract with respect to the context equivalence in the probabilistic lambda calculus with let-in operator. Next, we introduce Kripke-style semantics for the full simply typed combinatory logic, that is, the simply typed combinatory logic extended with product types, sum types, empty type and unit type. The Kripke-style semantics is defined as a Kripke applicative structure, which is extensional and has special elements corresponding to basic combinators, provided with the valuation of term variables. We prove that the full simply typed combinatory logic is sound and complete with respect to the proposed semantics. We introduce the logic of combinatory logic, that is, a propositional extension of the simply typed combinatory logic. We prove that the axiomatization of the logic of combinatory logic is sound and strongly complete with respect to the proposed semantics. In addition, we prove that the proposed semantics is the new semantics for the simply typed combinatory logic containing the typing rule that ensures that equal terms inhabit the same type. Finally, we introduce the probabilistic extension of the logic of combinatory logic. We extend the logic of combinatory logic with probability operators and obtain a framework for probabilistic reasoning about typed combinatory terms. We prove that the given axiomatization of the logic is sound and strongly complete with respect to the proposed semantics.Теза истражује два различита приступа за вероватносно закључивање у моделима израчунавања. Најчешћи приступ се састоји у проширењу ламбда рачуна вероватносним оператором избора што резултира вероватносним израчунавањем. То се показало веома корисним и примењивим у разним областима, на пример у роботици, обради природног језика и машинском учењу. Други приступ јесте да проширимо језик рачуна вероватносним операторима и добијемо модел за вероватносно закључивање о типизираном рачуну у стилу вероватносне логике. Најпре проучавамо вероватносни ламбда рачун проширен лет-ин оператором где је примењена лења позив-по-имену стратегија евалуације, и изучавамо проблем еквиваленције програма у овом окружењу. Како је проблем доказивања контекстне еквиваленције доста изазован, истраживали смо ефикасне методе за доказивање еквиваленције програма. Вероватносна апликативна бисимулација се показала као одговарајући алат за доказивање еквиваленције програма у вероватносном окружењу. Доказујемо да је вероватносна апликативна бисимулација потпуно апстрактна у односу на контекстну еквиваленцију у вероватносном ламбда рачуну са лет-ин оператором. Затим уводимо Крипкеову семантику за целу комбинаторну логику са функционалним типовима, односно комбинаторну логику са функционалним типовима проширену типовима производа, типовима суме, празним типом и јединичним типом. Крипкеову семантику дефинишемо као Крипкеову апликативну структуру, која је екстензионална и има елементе који одговарају основним комбинаторима, и којој је придружена валуација променљивих. Доказујемо да је цела комбинаторна логика са функционалним типовима сагласна и потпуна у односу на уведене семантике. Уводимо логику комбинаторне логике, то јест исказно проширење комбинаторне логике са функционалним типовима. Доказујемо да је аксиоматизација логике комбинаторне логике сагласна и потпуна у односу на предложену семантику. Даље, показујемо да је уведена семантика нова семантика за комбинаторну логику са функционалним типовима проширену правилом типизирања које осигурава да једнаки терми имају исти тип. На крају, уводимо вероватносно проширење логике комбинаторне логике. Логику комбинаторне логике смо проширили са вероватносним операторима и добили модел за вероватносно закључивање о типизираним комбинаторним термима. Показујемо да је аксиоматизација логике сагласна и јако потпуна у односу на предложену семантику.Teza istražuje dva različita pristupa za verovatnosno zaključivanje u modelima izračunavanja. Najčešći pristup se sastoji u proširenju lambda računa verovatnosnim operatorom izbora što rezultira verovatnosnim izračunavanjem. To se pokazalo veoma korisnim i primenjivim u raznim oblastima, na primer u robotici, obradi prirodnog jezika i mašinskom učenju. Drugi pristup jeste da proširimo jezik računa verovatnosnim operatorima i dobijemo model za verovatnosno zaključivanje o tipiziranom računu u stilu verovatnosne logike. Najpre proučavamo verovatnosni lambda račun proširen let-in operatorom gde je primenjena lenja poziv-po-imenu strategija evaluacije, i izučavamo problem ekvivalencije programa u ovom okruženju. Kako je problem dokazivanja kontekstne ekvivalencije dosta izazovan, istraživali smo efikasne metode za dokazivanje ekvivalencije programa. Verovatnosna aplikativna bisimulacija se pokazala kao odgovarajući alat za dokazivanje ekvivalencije programa u verovatnosnom okruženju. Dokazujemo da je verovatnosna aplikativna bisimulacija potpuno apstraktna u odnosu na kontekstnu ekvivalenciju u verovatnosnom lambda računu sa let-in operatorom. Zatim uvodimo Kripkeovu semantiku za celu kombinatornu logiku sa funkcionalnim tipovima, odnosno kombinatornu logiku sa funkcionalnim tipovima proširenu tipovima proizvoda, tipovima sume, praznim tipom i jediničnim tipom. Kripkeovu semantiku definišemo kao Kripkeovu aplikativnu strukturu, koja je ekstenzionalna i ima elemente koji odgovaraju osnovnim kombinatorima, i kojoj je pridružena valuacija promenljivih. Dokazujemo da je cela kombinatorna logika sa funkcionalnim tipovima saglasna i potpuna u odnosu na uvedene semantike. Uvodimo logiku kombinatorne logike, to jest iskazno proširenje kombinatorne logike sa funkcionalnim tipovima. Dokazujemo da je aksiomatizacija logike kombinatorne logike saglasna i potpuna u odnosu na predloženu semantiku. Dalje, pokazujemo da je uvedena semantika nova semantika za kombinatornu logiku sa funkcionalnim tipovima proširenu pravilom tipiziranja koje osigurava da jednaki termi imaju isti tip. Na kraju, uvodimo verovatnosno proširenje logike kombinatorne logike. Logiku kombinatorne logike smo proširili sa verovatnosnim operatorima i dobili model za verovatnosno zaključivanje o tipiziranim kombinatornim termima. Pokazujemo da je aksiomatizacija logike saglasna i jako potpuna u odnosu na predloženu semantiku

TEKSTİL ATIK SUYUNDA HRP-CLEA İLE HİDROJEN PEROKSİDİN GİDERİLMESİ İÇİN ÖLÇEK BÜYÜTME TASARIMININ MODELLENMESİ VE SİMÜLASYONU

Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidant chemical used asa bleach in the textile industry and it is important to remove it from water before being released to the environment. The oxidizing substrate of peroxidase (HRP) enzyme is hydrogen peroxide. In this study, cross-linked aggregates (CLEA) of HRP enzyme were used to remove hydrogen peroxide and glutaraldehyde (GA) was used as a crosslinking agent.When the kinetic constants of the free peroxidase enzyme were calculated, saturation constant was 0,06965 mmol H2O2/L and maximum specific rate constant was found as 0.0232mmol H2O2/L.sec. Average saturation constant, Kmof HRP-CLEA was found as 0,00625 mmol H2O2/L, and average maximum specific rate constant value, Vm, was calculated as 0.0699x10-3 mmol H2O2/L.sec in wastewater without dye. More then 90 % H2O2removal was achieved in 15 minutes with HRP-CLEA. The removal of the wastewater containing H2O2(0.02M) was completed in five minutes.In the scale-up approach, the data was evaluated using the Euler solution algorithm and the H2O2removal in the efficiency factor range where the kinetic constants change was calculated. Assuming the reaction rate changes linearly, the activity variations that will occur during scaling up with the enzyme in aggregate form were determined in the range of 125% -50%, and the industrial-scale design was modelled by taking into account the activity factors. In scaling up, concentrations that will occur in the increased reaction volume have been simulated. The results obtained showed that HRP-CLEAs are more advantageous than free enzyme in terms of time and cost

Exploring the impact of employer brand attributes on financial performance: an intellectual capital perspective

Purpose: The employer brand is a crucial intangible asset for companies as it enhances the employer–employee relationship, leading to improved employee performance and overall company outcomes. This paper aims to investigate the contribution of the employer brand to the financial results of companies in southern Europe. Design/methodology/approach: The sample consists of 266 companies operating in southern European countries during the year 2020. Secondary data on employer brand attributes, assessed from the perspective of current employees, were collected from the Glassdoor platform. Financial indicators were obtained from the companies\u27 annual financial reports. The research hypotheses were tested using regression analysis. Findings: The results of the regression analysis support the notion that the employer brand contributes to profitability indicators and management effectiveness indicators of southern European companies. However, the study did not find evidence supporting the contribution of the employer brand to market indicators and financial structure indicators of the observed companies. Originality/value: This study is one of the first empirical investigations to assess the role of the employer brand as a human capital tool for enhancing the financial performance of companies in southern Europe. The study examines employer brand attributes from the perspective of current employees, who actively participate in shaping the employer brand and the company\u27s image. In contrast to prior research, this study incorporates a more extensive set of financial indicators, categorized into four groups: profitability indicators, management effectiveness indicators, market indicators and financial structure indicators

A possible protective role of coenzyme Q10 on antioxidant defense system in the heart of rats treated with cadmium

The effect of cadmium (Cd), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and Cd+CoQ10 on the activities of superoxide dismutases (total SOD), manganese containing superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD) and copper-zinc containing superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione-Stransferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and concentrations of ascorbic acid (AsA) and vitamin E (Vit E) in the heart of male Wistar albino rats were studied in comparison to the controls and cadmium treated animals. Cd induces a significant increase of total SOD, Cu, Zn SOD and GSH-Px activities, as well as AsA and Vit E concentrations, but leads to a significant decrease of CAT and GR activities. CoQ10 induces a significant increase of total SOD, Mn SOD, Cu, Zn SOD and GSH-Px activities, as well as AsA and Vit E concentrations. In the same group of animals the activities of CAT, GST and GR were significantly decreased. By concomitant treatment of rats with Cd+CoQ10 the activities of total SOD, Mn SOD and GSH-Px, as well as concentrations of AsA and Vit E were markedly increased. In the same group of animals the activities of Cu, Zn SOD, CAT and GR were significantly decreased. In respect to the Cd treated rats in Cd+CoQ10 partially are reversed changes (Cu,Zn SOD) of antioxidant defense system in the heart.Ispitivan je uticaj kadmijuma (Cd), koenzima Q10 (CoQ10) i Cd+ CoQ10 na aktivnost ukupne superoksid dismutaze (Uk SOD), mangan sadržavajuće superoksid dismutaze (Mn SOD), bakar cink sadržavajuće superoksid dismutaze (Cu,Zn SOD), katalaze (CAT), glutation peroksidaze (GSH-Px), glutation-Stransferaze (GST) i glutation reduktaze (GR), kao i na koncentracije askorbinske kiseline (AsA) i vitamina E (Vit E) u srcu mužjaka Wistar albino pacova u poređenju sa kontrolnom grupom i grupom tretiranom sa kadmijumom. Cd u srcu indukuje značajno povećanje aktivnosti Uk SOD, Cu,Zn SOD i GSH-Px, kao i koncentracija AsA Vit E uz značajno smanjenje aktivnosti CAT i GR. CoQ10 izaziva značajno povećanje aktivnosti Uk SOD, Mn SOD, Cu,Zn SOD i GSH-Px, kao i koncentracija AsA i Vit E. U istoj grupi životinja aktivnosti CAT, GST i GR su značajno smanjene. Istovremeni tretman sa Cd+CoQ10 dovodi do značajnog povećanja aktivnosti Uk SOD, Mn SOD i GSH-Px, kao i koncentracija AsA i Vit E. U istoj grupi životinja aktivnosti Cu,Zn SOD, CAT i GR su značajno smanjene. U poređenju sa pacovima tretiranim sa kadmijumom kod Cd+CoQ10 grupe dobijen je delimični zaštitni efekat (Cu,Zn SOD) na antioksidacioni zaštitni sistem u srcu pacova.nul

Merkmale der landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugung in den Siedlungen der Starčevo-Kultur im Gebiet zwischen dem heutigen Vinkovci und Slavonski Brod, Kroatien

Obavljena su istraživanja deset lokaliteta starčevačke kulture u istočnom dijelu Hrvatske. Starčevačka je kultura na prostoru naših istraživanja trajala od 6000. do oko 5100. prije Krista. Lokaliteti su smješteni na površini od oko 1100 km2 između gradova Vinkovaca i Slavonskog Broda. Analizirane su tehnologije poljoprivredne proizvodnje, procijenjena mogućnost obujma proizvodnje i, na osnovi toga, mogući rast brojnosti stanovništva. Upotrebljavane su efikasne tehnologije proizvodnje žitarica i mesa goveda. Za uspješnu i opsežniju proizvodnju žitarica i mesa goveda bile su potrebne šumske biljne zajednice. Zaključeno je da je stanovništvo doseljeno, jer nema nalaza koji bi dokazivali postupni razvoj poljoprivrednih tehnologija. Uzgajali su emmer (Triticum dicoccum) i einkorn (Triticum monococcum) te već domesticirane ovce, a mjesto domestikacije emmera, einkorna i ovce su područja Palestine i Anatolije. S istraženoga područja nastavilo se seljenje prema zapadu Hrvatske gdje se javlja linearnotrakasta keramika koja se daljnjim seljenjem, uz prenošenje žitarica (emmera i einkorna) i ovčarske proizvodnje, proširila do područja Nizozemske i Ukrajine, a brže seljenje odvijalo se u smjerovima na kojima su se nalazile šumske biljne zajednice. Prijelaz iz starčevačke u sopotsku kulturu koji karakteriziraju veće društvene promjene, mogao je ubrzati iseljavanje stanovništva iz južne i zapadne Panonije.Research of ten sites of the Starčevo culture in the eastern part of Croatia has been published. The Starčevo culture, in the area of our research, existed from 6000 to 5100 B.C. The sites are situated in an area of 1100 square km between the towns Vinkovci and Slavonski Brod. The authors of the research analysed technologies of agricultural production, assessed the possibility of production volume thus estimating the possible growth of population. Efficient technologies of cereal crops and beef production were used. For a successful and more extensive production of cereals and beef woodland plant communities were needed. It has been concluded that the inhabitants were settlers because there are no findings to prove a gradual development of agricultural technologies. They cultivated emmer (Triticum dicoccum), and einkorn (Triticum monococcum) and raised already domesticated sheep, Palestine and Anatolia being the places of domestication for emmer, einkorn and sheep. From the area researched movement continued towards the west of Croatia where linear-stripped ceramics could be found, moving further again with the crops (emmer and einkorn) and sheep raising, spreading all the way to the Netherlands as well as Ukraine, while a faster movement took place in the directions where there were woodland plant communities to be found. The transformation from the Starčevo to the Sopot culture, characterised by significant social changes, could have quickened the pace of emigration from southern and west Panonia.Der Artikel berichtet über die Erforschung von Siedlungsresten an insgesamt zehn Lokalitäten der Starčevo-Kultur im Osten Kroatiens. Die in diesem Raum nachgewiesene Kultur dauerte von 6000 bis etwa 5100 v.Chr. Die Siedlungsreste befinden sich auf einer Fläche von ungefähr 1100 km2 zwischen den Städten Vinkovci und Slavonski Brod. Man analysierte die zu jener Zeit verfügbare Technologie der Feldbestellung, unternahm eine Schätzung des landwirtschaftlichen Ertrags sowie aufgrund dessen eine Schätzung des Bevölkerungswachstums. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass wirksame Methoden zur Getreidegewinnung und Rinderzucht angewandt worden waren. Zur Steigerung der Erzeugung von Getreide und Rindfleisch war der Aufenthalt in der unmittelbaren Nähe von Wald-Pflanzengemeinschaften notwendig. Die Forschung kam zum Schluss, dass es sich bei den Menschen der Starčevo-Kultur um Zuzügler handelte, da es keinerlei Nachweise gibt, die die allmähliche Entwicklung landwirtschaftlicher Technologien bestätigen. Angebaut wurden Emmer (Triticum dicoccum) und Einkorn (Triticum monococcum), als Haustiere dienten bereits domestizierte Schafe. Es ist jedoch bekannt, dass die genannten Getreidearten sowie das Schaf im Gebiet Palästinas und Anatoliens domestiziert wurden. Die Menschen der Starčevo-Kultur setzten ihre Wanderung in das Gebiet Westkroatiens, wo die ersten Gefäße aus Schnurkeramik gefunden wurden, fort. Von dort weitete sich die Schnurkeramik mitsamt dem darin transportierten Getreide (Emmer und Einkorn) wie auch die Schafzucht bis in das Gebiet der heutigen Niederlande und der Ukraine aus. In waldreichen Gegenden gingen die Wanderzüge schneller vor sich. Der Übergang von der Starčevo- zur Sopot-Kultur, den bedeutende gesellschaftliche Wandel charakterisieren, hat möglicherweise die Auswanderung der in Süd- und Westpannonien lebenden Volksstämme beschleunigt