Proton-Proton Interaction in the GeV Region

The proton-proton interaction at very small distances is studied by analyzing the elastic scattering data near 2 and 3 GeV. The explicit inclusion of the one-pion-exchange contri-bution in the high-angular-momentum states and that from the one-boson exchange in the intermediate-angular-momentum states together with the assumption that the absorption coef-ficients can be represented by a smooth function of the orbital angular momentum l allowed us to determine the phase shifts for lower-angular-momentum states. Three independent solutions have been found at each energy considered, which are smoothly connected with solutions at lower energies. The form of the absorption is such that in general its maximum is in the 1D 2 state. With respect to the real phase shifts, all of the solutions are consistent with the presence of a strongly repulsive core in the 1S0 state, and solutions have been found which suggest a repulsive core also in the triplet odd states. The strong spin dependence of the interaction is stressed and this is also discussed in connection with the forward scattering amplitude. Predictions of several triple scattering parameters are given which may eliminate the ambiguity of the solutions found

Photocopying permitted by license only a member of the Old City Publishing Group Nondegenerate 2-State 3-Symbol Reversible Logic Elements Are All Universal

In the investigation of minimal machinery in reversible computing, we proved that each nondegenerate 2-state 3-symbol reversible logic element is logically universal. So far, a 2-state 4-symbol element called “rotary element ” was shown to be logically universal in the framework of reversible logic element with memory. The main result in this paper not only improves the previous result with respect to the number of symbols, but also shows all the 2-state 3-symbol reversible logic elements except degenerate ones are logically universal. It is known that there are 24 essentially different 2-state 3-symbol reversible logic elements. Among them, 10 are degenerate ones, which are equivalent to 2-state 2-symbol ones or simple connecting wires. The other 14 are nondegenerate ones, and thus they are “proper ” 2-state 3-symbol reversible logic elements. For each of the 14 elements we construct a circuit composed only of it that simulates a Fredkin gate, a logically universal gate