An Assessment of Cross-National Regulatory Burden Comparisons

The Article compares several rankings systems for national regulatory compliance costs. It finds the ranking systems are limited to differentiating between those countries least burdened by regulation from those most burdened by regulation. It concludes the rankings could be an important tool for deciding which countries would be the most promising for regulatory burden reduction initiatives

Managing the Regulatory State: The Experience of the Bush Administration

This Article traces the history of Presidential management of the regulatory state up to the administration of President George W. Bush. It focuses on the latter\u27s implementation of smarter regulation, an approach to regulation based on unfunded mandates on the private sector implemented through the Office of Management and Budget, an organization within the Executive Office of the President. It finds cost-benefit analysis an essential, yet often neglected, tool for implementing efficient and effective regulations. It concludes the policies promoted under President Bush\u27s OMB have effectively cut costs by streamlining the rule-making process and discouraging adopting new federal rules, but cautions there is still a sea of overlapping regulations and conflict over turf among agencies causing the administrative state to steadily rise in cost

An Assessment of Cross-National Regulatory Burden Comparisons

The Article compares several rankings systems for national regulatory compliance costs. It finds the ranking systems are limited to differentiating between those countries least burdened by regulation from those most burdened by regulation. It concludes the rankings could be an important tool for deciding which countries would be the most promising for regulatory burden reduction initiatives

Statutory Interpretation in the Era of OIRA

The Article is a case study regarding a rule governing cooling water towers for power plants promulgated pursuant to the Clean Water Act ( CWA ). It analyzes the history of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs ( OIRA ) within the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ), and its influence in compelling the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) to conduct cost-benefit analysis of all regulations. It argues that the EPA should not receive Chevron deference since it has acted illegally by interpreting the CWA not as a technology-based environmental law, but instead as a cost-benefit law

Happiness Institutions

Bakhjulsstyrning av fordon är en möjlig konfiguration som lite glömts bort inom fordonstekniken. Tidigare arbeten inom ämnet bakhjulsstyrning är väldigt detaljerade och snäva i sin analys. I detta arbete vill författaren visa en bakgrund till hur olika farkoster styrs samt analys av detta. Syftet med arbetet är att utifrån litteratursökning och intervjuer kunna besvara vilken inverkan drivkällans placering och de konceptuella skillnaderna mellan olika farkoster har på styrningens placering. Samt vilka förväntade egenskaper en farkost får med icke konventionell styrning. Med hjälp av en simulering i MATLAB är syftet att kunna besvara vilken roll massa, hastighet och axellängd spelar för ett bakhjulsstyrt fordon och hur responsen ser ut jämfört med ett framhjulsstyrt fordon. Resultatet från intervjuerna och litteraturen visar att drivkällans placering nära rodret är väldigt viktig för fartygs styrningsförmåga. Däremot för flygplan påverkar det mest lastförmåga och för fordon tyngdpunktens placering. De konceptuella skillnaderna visar på att större fordon har mer att vinna på fyrhjulsstyrning då en mindre vändradie är merkritiskt för dessa och att flygplan som flyger i överljudsfart behöver andra vinguppsättningar. För fartyg har det visat sig att en liten vändradie är viktigt i hamnområden och att både stora och små fartyg då använder sig av bogpropellrar. De förväntade egenskaperna för en ickekonventionell styrning är främst negativ för fordon och fartyg, då det finns risk för instabilitet och överstyrning, medan flygplan redananvänder sig av styrningen fram i form av nosvingar. Simuleringarna visar att ett bakhjulsstyrt fordon bör ha en hastighetsbegränsning då det blir svårkontrollerat i höga hastigheter över 50km/h. En större massa har visat sig hämma magnituden av den laterala accelerationen en i fel riktning och en längre axellängd minskar rotationshastigheten kring gir-led. Resultaten visar också att ett bakhjulsstyrt fordon har en fördröjning av den laterala accelerationen jämfört med ett framhjulsstyrt fordon på 0,1-0,2 sekunder beroende av bland annat massa, axellängd och hastighet. Responstesten visar att denna fördröjning bidrar till att den laterala förflyttningen är fördröjd första sekunden för hastigheter 10-90km/h men att redan efterytterligare 1,5 sekunder är den dubbel så stor för hastigheter 50-90km/h. Slutsatsen är att fordon inte har bakhjulsstyrning i höga hastigheter på grund av den fördröjda responsen i början samt av att utslaget efter några sekunder blir väldigt mycket kraftigare vilket gör fordonet svårt att kontrollera.Rear wheel steering of vehicles is a possible steering, which has been forgotten in vehicle design. Earlier works show only details concerning one vehicle type from this subject. In this work the author will first present a background to how different vehicles are steered and then the analysis of it. The purpose with this paper is to from literature and interviews answer to which impact the placement of the engine and the conceptual differences have on the steering from different vessels. It will also answer which anticipated properties the steering will have if it´s not placed in a conventional way. Through simulation in MATLAB the paper will answer to which degree mass, velocity and length of axle influences steering behaviour of a rear wheal steered, RWS, car and how the steering response is different to a front wheal steered car, FWS. The result from the literature and the interview shows that placement of engine and propeller near the rudder is very important for a ships steering capability. For vehicles it has most effect on the centrum of gravity, which is to prefer in middle of the vehicle,and for airplanes the ability to place cargo. The conceptual differences shows that a larger vehicle has more to gain, if it is equipped with four wheel steering, due to turning radius is a more critical aspect. For airplanes in super sonic speed it reveals that they need another set of wings. Ships need a smaller turning radius in harbours and all size of ships then use thrusters. The properties of a vessel with not conventional steering are most negative for cars and ships because of risk for oversteering and instability, while for airplanes its already in use in form of canard wings. The simulations display that rear wheel steered vehicle should have a limit of velocity because of its behaviour in high speeds over 50 km/h. A larger mass has shown todepress the magnitude of lateral acceleration in wrong direction and a larger length of an axle is shown to depress the yaw-rate. The result also displays that a RWS vehicle has a delay of the lateral acceleration compared to a FWS vehicle with approximately 0,1-0,2 seconds depending on mass, velocity and length of axle. The test of response indicates that this delay contributes to the delay of the lateral movement of the vehicle the first second for speeds between 10-90 km/h, but after only 1,5 seconds further thelateral movement is twice the value for speeds 50-90km/h. The conclusion is that vehicle doesn’t have RWS due to the delay in response in the beginning and the very larger lateral movement after only seconds later, which makes the vehicle hard to control

The Impact of Tax-Exempt Status: The Supply-Side Subsidies

Schmalbeck provides some background and history of the tax rules governing health care institutions and assess the significance of the subsidies these tax rules create

Controlling Agencies through the President’s Budget Process

It is obvious that the federal budget is central to the functioning of the administrative state. But a critical element about the federal budget is often missing from analyses of both the budget and the administrative state more generally: the way the President’s budget process—the year-round, continuous process of developing the new budget while executing the last one—provides a major source of control over agency policy choices, regardless of whether or how much Congress eventually appropriates at all. Scholars, practitioners, and observers of the administrative state ought to acknowledge this reality and consider its implications

Regleprudence – at OIRA and Beyond

There are significant domains of legality within the administrative state that are mostly immune from judicial review and have mostly escaped the attention of legal theorists. While administrative law generally focuses on the products of agency action as they are reviewed by the judiciary, there are important aspects of regulatory activity that are legal or law-like but rarely interrogated by systematic analysis with reference to accounts about the role and nature of law. In this Article, we introduce a category of analysis we call regleprudence, a sibling of jurisprudence and legisprudence. Once we explore some regleprudential norms, we delve into one case study – the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs and the legal work it undertakes through regulatory review – and gesture at how more general attention to regleprudence can improve our understanding of important corners of the Executive Branch