Dilovası Endüstri Bölgesi ve Çevresinde Hava Kirliliğine Neden olan Organik ve İnorganik Kirleticilerin Düzeylerinin ve Kaynaklarının Belirlenmesi

TÜBİTAK ÇAYDAG15.11.2016Dilovası Türkiye?nin en büyük endüstriyel bölgelerinden biridir. Ilçede endüstriyel bölgeler veyerlesim yerleri iç içe bulunmakta, aynı zamanda ilçe yogun bir trafigin etkisi altındadır. Bununsonucu olarak bölgede kanser yüksek yogunlukla ölüm nedenlerinin basında gelmektedir. Buçalısma ile havadaki organik ve inorganik kirleticilerin seviyeleri, kaynakları ve muhtemelsaglık etkileri incelenmistir. Arazi çalısması Subat 2015 tarihinde baslamıs ve Subat 2016?desonlandırılmıs ve PAHlar ve PCBler zamansal ve mekânsal olarak incelenmistir. AyrıcaDilovası Belediyesi?nin bahçesinde kurulan sabit bir istasyonda sıralı PM2,5 örnekleyicikullanılarak EC/OC, 14C, metaller, çesitli anyon ve katyon derisimleri ve aynı istasyonda O3ve NOx miktarlarının zamansal degisimleri incelenmistir. Arazi çalısması 23 noktada PUF diskpasif örnekleyiciler kullanılarak yapılmıstır. Toplam PAH konsantrasyonu 4,2 ile 3842 ng m-3aralıgında degismektedir (ORT±SS; 285 ± 431 ng m-3). Fenantren en fazla elde edilen PAHtürü olurken, bunu floranten ve piren izlemektedir. Toplam PCB konsantrasyonu 177 ile 41781pg m-3 aralıgında degismektedir (ORT±SS; 4152 ± 6072 pg m-3). PCB-28, -18, -31 ve -33 enfazla elde edilen PCBlerdir. PMF sonuçlarına gör PAHlar için 5, PCBler içinse 4 farklı kaynakbelirlenmistir. Bunlar PAHlar için dizel ve benzinli araç emisyonları, biyokütle ve kömüryanması, demir-çelik endüstrisi gibi endüstriyel faaliyetlerden kaynaklı emisyonlar veyanmamıs petrol/petrol ürünleri emisyonları olarak belirlenmistir. PCBler içinse kaynaklardemir-çelik üretimi, kömür ve biyokütle yanması, teknik PCB karısımları ve endüstri olarakbelirlenmistir. Sabit istasyondan elde edilen PM2,5 kütlesini etkileyen faktörler yine PMFkullanılarak incelenmistir. Buna göre 6 faktör bulunmus, bunlar yol tozu (%23), tasıtemisyonları (%20), petrol yanması (%19), kömür yanması (%14), toz (%14), ikincil inorganikaerosol (%10) olarak belirlenmistir. Aynı sonuçlar kullanılarak bölgeyi etkileyen uzun mesafelikaynaklar potansiyel kaynak katkı fonksiyonu (PKKF) kullanılarak incelenmis ve Cezayir, BatıSahra, Rusya, Iran ve Lübnan örnekleme bölgesini etkileyen ülkeler olarak bulunmustur. Aynınoktalarda kuru çökelme örneklemesi de yapılmıs ve PAHlar için hesaplanan kuru çökelmeakısı degerlerinin 829 ile 7424 ng m?2 gün?1 aralıgında (2950 ± 1349 ng m?2 gün?1)degistigi gözlenmistir. PCBler içinse bu degerler 47,9 ile 535 ng m?2 gün?1 aralıgındadegismektedir (191 ± 102 ng m?2 gün?1). Sabit istasyonda ortalama EC, OC ve TCkonsantrasyonları sırasıyla 15,8±17,7, 2,8±2,3 ve 19,2±18,9 μg m-3 olarak bulunmustur.EC/OC konsantrasyonları özellikle kasım ayının ortasından baslayarak önemli derecede artısgöstermektedir. Bu sonuç sıcaklıgın düsmesine baglı olarak evsel ısınma faaliyetlerinin vebuna baglı olarak da karbon emisyonlarının artmasıyla, ayrıca karısım yüksekliginin düsmesive emisyonların atmosferde dagılamaması ile açıklanabilir. PAHlar, PCBler ve metaller içinsaglık riski degerlendirmesi yapılmıstır. En yüksek maruziyet-risk seviyeleri konsantrasyondegerleriyle paralel olarak PAHlar ve PCBler için sırasıyla kıs ve yaz döneminde tespitedilmistir. Tahmini kitlesel maruziyet-risk seviyelerinin hepsi ve ortalama maruziyet-riskseviyelerinin çogu kabul edilebilir kanserojen risk degerinin (10-6) üzerinde bulunmustur.Hedeflenen kanserojen metallere bakıldıgında ise Ni ve Pb için risk söz konusu degildir. Asiçin hesaplanan tahmini risk degerleri, bütün mevsimlerde kabul edilebilir risk degerininüzerinde bulunurken, Cd ve Co için hesaplanan tahmini risk degerlerinin bazıları kabuledilebilir degerin üzerinde bulunmustur. Bulunan risk degerleri kabul edilebilir degerin oldukçaüstündedir. Bu sonuçlar ile Dilovası havasının mevcut kirleticiler açısından insan saglıgı içinyüksek risk içerdigini söylemek mümkündür.Dilovasi is one of the most industrialized area in Turkey. In district, industrial sites are withinthe residential areas and the distinct is under the influence of heavy traffic. Consequently,the cancer became the main cause of death in Dilovasi. In present study, the levels oforganic and inorganic pollutants in the atmosphere, their sources and possible health riskswere investigated. The field campaign was started in February 2015 and completed inFebruary 2016, and spatial and temporal variations of PAHs and PCBs were investigated.EC/OC, 14C, anions and cations concentrations in samples collected using sequential PM2.5sampler, and NOx and O3 by active sampling were also investigated in sampling stationlocated in Dilovasi Municipality. Field studies were conducted using PUF disk sampler at 23sampling points. At all sites, total PAH concentrations ranged from 4.2 to 3842 ng m -3 with amean value of 285 ng m -3. They were dominated by phenanthrene, fluoranthene andpyrene. Total PCB concentrations were found to be between 177 and 41781 pg m -3 with amean value of 4152 pg m -3. They were dominated by low molecular weight (LMW)congeners such as PCB-28, PCB-18, PCB-31 and PCB-33. PMF was used to apportion thesources of PAHs and PCBs. Five sources were identified for PAHs including diesel andgasoline exhaust emissions, coal and biomass combustion, industrial activities such as ironsteelplants and unburned crude oil/petroleum products. For PCBs, the identified sources areiron-steel production, coal and biomass combustion processes, technical PCB mixtures andindustry. PMF was also used to find out the factors that affect the PM2.5 concentrations and 6factors were specified; road dust (23% contribution), vehicle emissions (20%), petroleumcombustion (19%), coal combustion (14%), dust (14%) and secondary inorganic aerosols(10%). Potancial Source Contribution Function (PSCF) was also applied to determine thelong-distance sources that affect the sampling region using these PMF results obtained forPM2.5. Algeria, West Sahara, Russia, Iran and Lebanon were found to be the possiblesources. Dry deposition studies were also conducted in same sampling points with passivesampling. The dry deposition fluxes obtained for PAHs were between 829 and 7424ng m−2 day−1 (2950 ± 1349 ng m−2 day−1) and for PCBs they were found between 47.9 and535 ng m−2 day−1 (191 ± 102 ng m−2 day−1). The average concentration of OC, EC and TCwere found as 15.8±17.7, 2.8±2.3 and 19.2±18.9 μg m-3, respectively. Especially afterNovember, the EC/OC concentrations found to be increased gradually. This can beattributed to domestic heating with decreasing temperature and lower mixing height inwinter. Risk assessment studies were also conducted for exposure to PAHs, PCBs andmetals. The highest exposure-risk levels were found in winter and summer for PAHs andPCBs, respectively. All of the estimated population risk and most of the average risk werefound to be the higher than general acceptable level (10-6). Among metals, no risk wasobserved for Ni and Pb. All of the estimated risks calculated for As for all seasons and someof risks for Cd and Co were higher than acceptable level. Estimated risks were substantiallyhigher than general acceptable levels. These results indicated that the atmosphere ofDilovasi has significant potential health risks for human beings in terms of these pollutants.Keywords: Dilovasi, PAHs, PCBs, Passive Sampling, EC/OC, Metals, Ions, Ozone, NOx,Positive Matrix Factorizatio

İzmir Aliağa endüstri bölgesinde hava kirliliğine neden olan organik ve inorganik kirleticilerin düzeylerinin, kaynaklarının ve sağlık etkilerinin belirlenmesi

TÜBİTAK ÇAYDAG01.07.200

Cover Samples of Turkey Seljuks and Principali-ties Period in the Burdur Provincial Public Li-brary

Bu çalışmanın konusunu Burdur İl Halk Kütüphanesine ait Anadolu Selçuklu ve Beylikler Dönemi özelliklerini taşıyan yazma eserlerin cilt kapaklarına ait örnekler oluşturmaktadır. Seçilen örnekler ise Konya Bölge Yazma Eserler Kütüphanesi-nin arşivinde mevcuttur. Burdur bugünkü yerleşim yerine ta-şınmadan önce birkaç kez yer değiştirmiştir. Pisidya Bölgesi di-ye anılan bu bölge günümüzde Göller Yöresi diye anılmaktadır. Şehrin yakınlarında yapılan kazılarda bu bölgede yerleşimin çok eski çağlardan beri devam ettiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ma-lazgirt Savaşından sonra Türkmen akınları bu bölgede de baş-lamış, XIV. yüzyıl başlarında bölge Hamidoğulları Beyliğinin idaresine geçmiştir. XIX. Yüzyılda Konya vilayetine bağlanmış-tır, 1305 tarihli Konya Salnâmesinde Burdur da 34 debbağhane bulunduğu belirtilmektedir. Burdur İl Halk Kütüphanesinde Türkçe, Arapça, Farsça yazılmış 2312 adet yazma eser bulun-maktayken 1975 yılında sel baskını sonucu 679 adet eser tahrip olmuş, onarım yapılmak üzere İstanbul Süleymaniye Kütüpha-nesine gönderilmiştir. Burdur da bulunan 1687 adet yazma eser de Konya Bölge Yazma Eserler Kütüphanesine devredilmiştir.The subject of this study is to represent samples of manuscripts hardcovers from the age of Anatolian Seljuks and Principalities Period in the Burdur Provincial Public Library. The chosen examples are in the archives of the Regional Library of Manuscripts in Konya. Burdur has changed places multiple times before moving to its current location. Today, the region called as Pisidia Region is known as Lakes Region (Göller Yöre-si). Excavations around the city have led to the conclusion that there have been settlements in this area for many ages. After the Malazgirt War, Turkmens have taken this region as a starting point for their invasions. At the beginning of the XIVth century, Hamidoğulları Beyliği has taken control of the region. In the XIXth century, it was administered by the Konya province. In the Konya Salnâmesi, written in 1305, it is mentioned that there were 34 tanneries (debbağhane) in Burdur. Even though there were 2312 manuscripts in the Burdur Provincial Public Library of in Turkish, Arabic and Persian, 679 manuscripts were dama-ged by a flood in 1975 and sent to the Suleymaniye Library in İstanbul to be repaired.The other 1687 manuscripts in Burdur were delivered to the Regional Library of Manuscripts in Konya

Measurement and Modeling the Phase Partitioning of Organophosphate Esters Using Their Temperature-Dependent Octanol-Air Partition Coefficients and Vapor Pressures

Atmospheric concentrations of 11 organophosphate esters (OPEs) were measured in an urban area in Izmir, Turkey to explore their phase partitioning. Octanol-air partition coefficients (K-OA) and vapor pressures (P-L) of the OPEs were also measured as a function of temperature. Average Sigma 11OPE gas-phase concentrations were 1.77 +/- 0.84 and 4.00 +/- 1.77 ng/m(3), while particle-phase concentrations were 1.95 +/- 0.77 and 1.15 +/- 0.36 ng/m(3) during winter and summer, respectively. TCiPP1 dominated Sigma 11OPEs, followed by TnBP and TEP. OPE concentrations generally increased and shifted to gas-phase in the summer probably due to higher temperatures that favor partitioning to the gas-phase. Distribution between two phases covered a wide range from being primarily in gas-phase (TEP, TnBP) or particle-phase (EHDPP, TEHP, T2iPPP). Phase partitioning was also examined via four widely used models (K-OA, Soot, Steady-State, and pp-LFER). All models underestimated the majority of particle-gas partition coefficients (K-P) especially for the compounds having higher volatilities. Estimations based on the recently reported molecular weight of organic matter in urban aerosols (MWOM) and activity coefficients of OPEs in octanol (xi(OCT)) determined in the present study suggested that the basic assumptions of K-OA-based models (i.e., xi(OCT)/xi(OM) and MWOCT/MWOM = 1) are not valid

Henry's law constant, octanol-air partition coefficient and supercooled liquid vapor pressure of carbazole as a function of temperature: Application to gas/particle partitioning in the atmosphere

The Henry's law constant for carbazole was experimentally determined between 5 and 35°C using a gas-stripping technique. The following equation was obtained for dimensionless Henry's law constant (H′) versus temperature (T, K):lnH′=-3982(T,K)-1+1.01 Temperature-dependent octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) and supercooled liquid vapor pressures (PL, Pa) of carbazole were also determined using the GC retention time method. The temperature dependence of KOA and PL were explained by the following:logKOA=4076/(T,K)-5. 65logPL(Pa)=-3948(T,K)-1+11.84 The gas and particle-phase carbazole concentrations measured previously in Chicago, IL in 1995 was used for gas/particle partitioning modeling. Octanol based absorptive partitioning model consistently underpredicted the gas/particle partition coefficients (K p) for all sampling periods. However, overall there was a good agreement between the measured Kp and soot-based model predictions

Particle-phase dry deposition and air–soil gas exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Izmir, Turkey

Ambient air and dry deposition samples were collected at suburban and urban sites in Izmir, Turkey. Atmospheric total (particle + gas) 14PAHs concentrations were 36±39 and 144±163 ngm−3 for suburban and urban sites, respectively. Phenanthrene was the most abundant compound at all sites, and all samples were dominated by low molecular weight PAHs. Average particulate 14PAH dry deposition fluxes were 8160±5024 and 4286±2782 ngm−2 day−1 and overall average particulate dry deposition velocities were 1.5±2.4 and 1.0±2.3cms−1 for suburban and urban sites, respectively. Soil samples were collected at suburban site. Average soil concentration for 14PAH was 55.9±14.4 ng g−1 dry weight. Calculated gas-phase air–soil exchange fluxes indicated that fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and carbazole were deposited to soil in winter while they were volatilized in summer. Other compounds (fluoranthene-benzo[g,h,i]perylene) were deposited to soil in both periods. Annual average fluxes of PAHs representing soil to air (i.e., gas volatilization) and air to soil transfer (i.e., gas absorption, dry deposition, and wet deposition) processes were also compared. All processes were comparable for 14PAHs however their input was dominated by gas absorption. Gas absorption dominated for lower molecular weight PAHs, however dry deposition dominated for higher molecular weight PAHs. The results have suggested that for fluorene, soil and air may be approaching a steady state condition. For the remaining compounds, there was a net accumulation into the soil.The Research grant (ICTAGC033) from the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)

Atmospheric concentrations and phase partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Izmir, Turkey

Ambient air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) samples were collected at a suburban (n=63) and at an urban site (n=14) in Izmir, Turkey. Average gas-phase total PAH (∑ 14PAH) concentrations were 23.5ngm -3 for suburban and 109.7ngm -3 for urban sites while average particle-phase total PAH concentrations were 12.3 and 34.5ngm -3 for suburban and urban sites, respectively. Higher ambient PAH concentrations were measured in the gas-phase and ∑ 14PAH concentrations were dominated by lower molecular weight PAHs. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the meteorological parameters were effective on ambient PAH concentrations. Emission sources of particle-phase PAHs were investigated using a diagnostic plot of fluorene (FLN)/(fluorine+pyrene; PY) versus indeno[1,2,3-cd]PY/(indeno[1,2,3-cd]PY+benzo[g,h,i]perylene) and several diagnostic ratios. These approaches have indicated that traffic emissions (petroleum combustion) were the dominant PAH sources at both sites for summer and winter seasons. Experimental gas-particle partition coefficients (K P) were compared to the predictions of octanol-air (K OA) and soot-air (K SA) partition coefficient models. The correlations between experimental and modeled K P values were significant (r 2=0.79 and 0.94 for suburban and urban sites, respectively, p<0.01). Octanol-based absorptive partitioning model predicted lower partition coefficients especially for relatively volatile PAHs. However, overall there was a relatively good agreement between the measured K P and soot-based model predictions. Ambient air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) samples were collected at a suburban and at an urban site in Izmir, Turkey. The multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the meteorological parameters were effective on the measured ambient PAH concentrations. The results indicated that traffic emissions were the dominant PAH sources at both sites for summer and winter seasons

Mass transfer coefficients for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to the water surface sampler: Comparison to modeled results

A sampling program was conducted between June and October 1995 in Chicago, IL using a modified water surface sampler (WSS) and dry deposition plates to measure the particulate dry deposition and gas exchange of PAHs. Oxygen transfer experiments were also conducted to evaluate the collection properties of the WSS for gas-phase compounds. Gas-phase fluxes were determined by subtracting the dry deposition plate fluxes (particulate) from WSS fluxes (particulate+gas). These fluxes were divided by concurrently measured ambient concentrations to obtain overall gas phase mass transfer coefficients. Two different two-film models, one developed based on experiments performed with the WSS and, one previously published, were compared to these results. Experimentally determined average gas phase overall mass transfer coefficient (Kg) for seven PAHs was 0.74±0.52cms-1. Experimental Kg values agreed well with those predicted by the model developed for WSS. The values predicted by previously proposed models were within a factor of 3 of the experimental ones