String Field Theory in Rindler Space-Time and String Thermalization

Quantization of free string field theory in the Rindler space-time is studied by using the covariant formulation and taking the center-of-mass value of the Rindler string time-coordinate $\eta(\sigma)$ as the time variable for quantization. We construct the string Rindler modes which vanish in either of the Rindler wedges $\pm$ defined by the Minkowski center-of-mass coordinate of the string. We then evaluate the Bogoliubov coefficients between the Rindler string creation/annihilation operators and the Minkowski ones, and analyze the string thermalization. An approach to the construction of the string Rindler modes corresponding to different definitions of the wedges is also presented toward a thorough understanding of the structure of the Hilbert space of the string field theory on the Rindler space-time.Comment: 37 pages + 2 uuencoded eps figures, LaTeX, References adde

Causality in Covariant String Field Theory

Causality is studied in the covariant formulation of free string field theory (SFT). We find that, though the string field in the covariant formulation is a functional of the ghost coordinates as well as the space-time coordinate and the latter contains the time-like oscillators with negative norm, the condition for the commutator of two open string fields to vanish is simply given by $\int_0^\pi d\sigma\left(\Delta X^\mu(\sigma)\right)^2 >0$, which is the same condition as in the light-cone gauge SFT. For closed SFT, the corresponding condition is given in a form which is manifestly invariant under the rigid shifts of the $\sigma$ parameters of the two string fields.Comment: 11 pages + 1 eps figure, LaTe

EFFECTS OF PLAYING BADMINTON ON BONE PROPERTIES USING CALCANEAL QUANTITATIVE ULTRASOUND: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the effects of playing badminton on calcaneal bone properties. Methods: Eleven sedentary collegiate women were recruited. They played badminton for 75 min, 2 days per week, for 10 weeks. The right calcaneus was assessed to measure speed of sound and broadband ultrasound attenuation using a quantitative ultrasound device. A stiffness index was derived from both the speed of sound and broadband ultrasound attenuation. Results: After the training period, broadband ultrasound attenuation and stiffness index did not change significantly, whereas speed of sound significantly increased, Conclusion: The results indicate that playing badminton influences calcaneal bone properties in a positive manner.  Article visualizations

Automated classification of heat sources detected using SWIR remote sensing

Abstract The potential of shortwave infrared (SWIR) remote sensing to detect hotspots has been investigated using satellite data for decades. The hotspots detected by satellite SWIR sensors include very high-temperature heat sources such as wildfires, volcanoes, industrial activity, or open burning. This study proposes an automated classification method of heat source detected utilizing Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 data. We created training data of heat sources via visual inspection of hotspots detected by Landsat 8. A scheme to classify heat sources for daytime data was developed by combining classification methods based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm utilizing spatial features and a decision tree algorithm based on thematic land-cover information and our time series detection record. Validation work using 10,959 classification results corresponding to hotspots acquired from May 2017 to July 2019 indicated that the two classification results were in 79.7% agreement. For hotspots where the two classification schemes agreed, the classification was 97.9% accurate. Even when the results of the two classification schemes conflicted, either was correct in 73% of the samples. To improve the accuracy, the heat source category was re-allocated to the most probable category corresponding to the combination of the results from the two methods. Integrating the two approaches achieved an overall accuracy of 92.8%. In contrast, the overall accuracy for heat source classification during nighttime reached 79.3% because only the decision tree-based classification was applicable to limited available data. Comparison with the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) fire product revealed that, despite the limited data acquisition frequency of Landsat 8, regional tendencies in hotspot occurrence were qualitatively appropriate for an annual period on a global scale

ジャコウネズミ（スンクス）の指におけるパチニー小体の分布と形態-予報-

ジャコウネズミ（スンクス）足指におけるパチニー小体の形態と分布を光学顕微鏡および電子顕微鏡を用いて調べた．パチニー小体は長径約260μm，幅径約130μmの卵円体ないし楕円体である．形態学的にはネコやヒトの関節包にみられる小型の小体に類似する．周縁は10層程度の神経周膜細胞の層板（外棍）からなり，その内部には30ないし40の細胞質層板からなる内棍と神経終末部が含まれる．パチニー小体は指の屈筋腱と指骨の間の深部結合組織中に両側性に局在し，他の部位には認められない．位置関係から，これらのパチニー小体は指屈筋腱の緊張に曝されていると考えられる．すなわち，ヒトなどの比較的大型のほ乳類と同様に，ジャコウネズミにおいても，指のパチニー小体は体肢の筋活動の反射的制御に関与していることが示唆される．The distribution and morphology of the digital Pacinian corpuscles in the laboratory house musk shrew, Suncus murinus, were examined by light and electron microscopes. The Pacinian corpuscles occurred bilaterally along the digital nerves in the connective tissue between the flexor digitorum tendons and palmar aspects of the phalanges. They were oval or ellipsoidal in shape and were small, bearing structural resemblance to those occurring in the articular capsules of the cat and man. The outer core of each corpuscle is comprised of approximately 10 layers of perineural lamellae. Because the digital Pacinian corpuscles are exposed to tendinous activity, they may be involved in the regulation of muscle tonus of the limbs in the house musk shrew

Advanced moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the rectum with favorable prognosis by postoperative chemoradiation

Rectal neuroendocrine carcinoma is rare with poor prognosis. We report herein a case of advanced moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the rectum with relatively favorable prognosis treated by postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation therapy. A 58-year-old Japanese female was referred and colonofiberscopy revealed an easy-bleeding irregular tumor in the lower rectum, which was pathologically diagnosed as a neuroendocrine carcinoma. Surgical treatment consisted of abdominoperineal resection and lymph node dissection. The tumor invaded deeply into perirectal tissues, and 9 of 11 lymph node metastases were observed. Immunohistochemically, chromogranin A showed diffuse and strong staining, and the MIB-1 labeling index was 18.3 ± 5.6, supporting the high proliferation of the tumor. Some nucleus of the tumor showed positive staining for p21/WAF1. A total dose of 46 Gy of radiotherapy was delivered with 800 mg of daily oral doxifluridine. At 5 years post-surgery, the patient demonstrated no clinical evidence of intrapelvic recurrence or distant metastases

HEALTH ASPECTS OF KARATE AS PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITY

The present study examined energy expenditure, metabolic equivalent (MET) intensities of karate exercises for health promotion, and bone properties of karate practitioners to examine the health aspects of karate as physical education and an extracurricular activity. The mean energy expenditure following a 70-minute karate practice was 563 kcal for men and 268 kcal for women. The calculated mean MET intensities resulting from the 70-minute karate practice were 7.9 METs for men and 5.2 METs for women. The mean MET intensities of all exercises for men and women were above 3 METs which is defined as “active physical activity” in the “Physical Activity Reference for Health Promotion 2013” in Japan. Practicing karate, especially sparring techniques, may help to enhance bone mineral density. It appears that longer duration, higher frequency, and earlier start of physical training positively influenced skeletal status.  Article visualizations

A Simple Proof of the Non-Renormalization of the Chern-Simons Coupling

We give a very simple proof that the renormalization of the Chern-Simons coupling in the Wilsonian effective action is exhausted at one-loop. Our proof can apply to arbitrary 2+1-dimensional abelian as well as nonabelian gauge theories without a bare Chern-Simons coupling, including any non-renormalizable interactions and non-minimal couplings. Our proof reveals that small (but not large) gauge invariance is enough to ensure the absence of higher order corrections.Comment: LaTex, 8 pages, no figures. to appear in Physics Letters