Bare Higgs mass at Planck scale

Yuta Hamada, Hikaru Kawai, and Kin-ya Oda. Bare Higgs mass at Planck scale. Phys. Rev. D 87, 053009, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.87.053009.Yuta Hamada, Hikaru Kawai, and Kin-ya Oda. Erratum: Bare Higgs mass at Planck scale [Phys. Rev. D 87, 053009 (2013)]. Phys. Rev. D 89, 059901, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.89.059901

Poverty Reduction and ODA Policymaking in Japan and South Korea

This article examines Official Development Assistance (ODA) policymaking in Japan and South Korea and identifies what conditions resulted in commonalities and differences in the incorporation of poverty reduction and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) into ODA policy in Japan and South Korea. For this, this article analyzes policymakers and stakeholders’policy locations, measured by the distance between their preferences and poverty reduction and degrees of involvement in ODA policymaking. An analysis finds that bureaucratic organizations and presidents have led Japan and South Korea’s ODA policymaking, respectively; this provided South Korea more flexibility than Japan to incorporate poverty reduction into ODA policy.However, South Korean presidents’ wide policy preferences lessened the possibility of policychange concerning MDGs, and poverty reduction occupies only part of the overall ODA policy in South Korea, just as in Japan. The article argues that discerning not only policymaking systems—i.e., who decides ODA policy—but also policymakers’ preferences is essential for a better understanding of the commonalities and differences between Japan and South Korea’s ODA

A Case Study the Impact of Donors ODA on Social-Economic Development in Lao PDR.

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 행정대학원 글로벌행정전공, 2020. 8. Ko, Kilkon.Since the Lao government has changed policy development by implementing the New Economic Mechanism (NEM) since 1986. Lao PDR has accepted more Official Development Assistance (ODA) from the bilateral and multilateral donors and ODA has played an important role in socio-economic development in Laos. Thus, the different of ODA policy and implementation of donors are one of main issue influence to aid effectiveness and sustainable development in Laos. However, this research focus to examine characteristic of four major bilateral donors: Australia, Germany, Japan, and Korea, by their ODA policy and implementation, which cover discussion and explanation of various variable as economic and institutional issues to present their strategies and foreign aid policy, and also look on the trend of ODA from these four donors in Lao PDR in the future (next five year). This research examines secondary data from many sources such as books, journals, and reports; and the primary data as a survey at ministries that have used to receive ODA from these four donors. The primary data was applied to the interview questions that distributed to ministries with consist of forty-two public officers (each ministry has three people) to executive agencies of ODA for fourteen ministries in Laos. As a result of the interview, twenty-two public officers or counted fifty-two percent were respondents, which indicated that the ODA policy and implementation of Australia, Germany, and Japan are more crucial than Korea. For ODA policy, (1) by applying on five principles on aid effectiveness, there are three donors more crucial such as Australia was contribution 76 percent; Germany was contribution 82 percent; Japan was contribution 75 percent; and Korea was contribution 69 percent, which lower than among four donors; (2) by applying to the global indicators of progress on aid effectiveness, Australia more crucial was met 5 out of 10 indicators; Germany was met 9 out of 10 indicators; Japan was met 4 out of 10 indicators; and Korea was met 1 out of 10 indicators less than among four donors. For ODA implementation, (3) by applying to aid allocation to MDGs (SDGs), Australia was provided 73 percent; Germany was provided 78 percent; Japan was provided 75 percent; and Korea was provided 66 percent less than among four donors; and also, (4) by applying to the National Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) which consist six steps. Korea was used on 70 percent which is also lower than among Australia was 73 percent; Germany was 77 percent, and Japan was on 74 percent. (5) For the trend of ODA from these four donors in next five-year, fifty percent of respondents believe the ODA amount will increase. Thus, the government of Lao has to pay more attention to cooperation and ODA management in order to enhance aid effectiveness and sustainable development in Lao PDR.1986년 라오스 정부가 신경제 메커니즘(NEM)을 실시하여 정책을 변경한 이후, 라오스는 보다 많은 양자 및 다자간 원조를 받아들였으며, ODA는 라오스에서 사회-경제 발전에 중요한 역할을 해왔다. 따라서, ODA 정책과 공여국 집행의 차이는 라오스의 원조 효과성과 지속 가능한 발전에 영향을 주는 주요 이슈 중 하나였다. 그러나 이 연구는 4대 주요 양자간 원조국의 특징을 조사하는데 초점을 맞추고 있다; 호주, 독일, 일본, 한국의 주요 ODA 정책을 살펴보고 향후 5년간의 원조 추세를 예측하고자 한다. 본 연구는 저서, 저널, 보고서 등에서 분석된 2차 데이터와 4개 공여국으로부터 ODA를 받아온 부처/기관의 1차 데이터를 분석한다. 1차 데이터(인터뷰 조사 방법)는 원조를 받은 경험이 있는 라오스 행정부 14개 부처 소속의 정부관료 42명(각 부처는 3명)을 인터뷰한 데이터이다. 인터뷰 결과 공무원 22명(52%)가 응답하였고 호주 독일 일본의 ODA 정책과 집행이 한국보다 더 중요하다는 결과가 나왔다. ODA 정책의 경우, (1) 원조 효과성에 관한 5가지 원칙을 적용함으로써, 공여국에 대한 중요도를 분류할 수 있다. 각 국가의 기여율을 확인해본 결과 호주는 76%, 독일은 82%, 일본은 75%, 한국은 69%로 한국이 다른 공여국 보다 낮았다. (2) 원조 효과성에 관한 세계 지표를 적용해본 결과 호주는 10개 지표 중 5개, 독일은 9개, 일본은 4개를 충족했고, 한국은 1개 지표만을 충족했다. ODA 집행의 경우, (3) MDG(SDG)에 대한 지원금 배정을 적용해본 결과 호주는 73%, 독일은 78%, 일본은 75%, 한국은 66%로 다른 국가보다 적은 비율을 배정하였으며, (4) 6단계로 구성된 국가표준운영절차(SOP)를 적용해본 결과 한국은 70%로 호주 73%, 독일 77%, 일본 74%에 비해 낮았다. (5) 향후 5년간 4개 공여국들의 ODA 추세에 대한 응답 중 응답자의 50%가 ODA 금액이 증가할 것으로 예상했다. 따라서, 라오스 정부는 라오스의 원조 효과와 지속 가능한 발전을 위해 공여국들과의 협력과 ODA 관리에 더 많은 관심을 기울여야 한다.Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Problem Statement 2 1.3 Objective of the Study 3 1.4 Research Question 3 1.5 Significance of the Study 3 1.6 Scope and Limitation of Study 4 Chapter 2: Literature Review 5 2.1 Theoretical Background. 5 2.1.1 Definition of Official Development Assistant (ODA) 5 2.1.2 ODA Policy Instrument of Four Major Bilateral Donors: Australia; Germany; Japan and Korea 7 2.1.3 Overview of ODA in Lao PDR 11 2.1.4 Purpose of ODA and Social-Economic Development 12 2.2 Criteria Evaluation of ODA 14 2.3 The Principles on ODA 16 2.4 Aid Effectiveness 17 2.4.1 Positive an Aid Effectiveness 18 2.4.2 Negative an Aid Effectiveness 19 2.5 The Impact of ODA 20 2.5.1 Positive Impact of ODA 21 2.5.2 Negative Impact of ODA 22 2.6 The Impact of ODA in Lao PDR. 23 2.7 Previous Study of the Four Major Donors ODA in Lao PDR. 24 Chapter 3: Theoretical Framework and Methodology 27 3.1 Theoretical Framework 27 3.2 Research Methodology 32 3.2.1 Data Collection and Analysis 33 3.2.2 Sample Size 34 Chapter 4: Trend of ODA in Lao PDR. 35 4.1 The Role of ODA to Social-Economic Development in Lao PDR. 35 4.2 ODA Management in Lao PDR. 36 4.2.1 Overview of Sector Working Groups (SWGs). 38 4.2.2 The Role of Lao Government on ODA. 40 4.3 ODA Net-inflow to Lao PDR. 42 4.4 ODA Allocation an Internal by the Four Major Bilateral Donors in Lao PDR. 44 4.5 ODA Performance of Four Major Bilateral Donors: Australia, Germany, Japan, and Korea. 47 Chapter 5: Finding and Discussion 49 5.1 Key Point from the Interview. 49 5.2 The ODA Policy Analysis of Result. 50 5.2.1 The ODA Policy of Four Major Bilateral Donors Through Guideline Principles on Aid Effectiveness in Lao PDR. . 50 5.2.2 The Progress on Aid Effectiveness by Four Major Bilateral Donors in Lao PDR Through the Global Indicators. 53 5.2.3 The Strategies of ODA Allocation to Lao PDR by Sector Working Groups (SWGs) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs/SDGs). 56 5.2.4 Analysis ODA Implementation and Management in Lao PDR. . 59 5.3 The Trend of Four Major Bilateral Donors ODA in Lao PDR. 61 Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation 63 6.1 Conclusion. 63 6.1.1 The Condition of the Characteristic of Four Major Bilateral Donors in Lao PDR. 65 6.1.2 The Trend of Four Major Donors' ODA in Lao PDR. 66 6.2 Recommendation. 67 6.3 The Direction-finding for the Further Study. 68 References 69 Appendix 1 . 76 Appendix 2 . 79 Abstract in Korean . 85Maste

Countdown to 2015: an analysis of donor funding for prenatal and neonatal health, 2003-2013.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, 5.3 million babies died in the third trimester of pregnancy and first month following birth. Progress in reducing neonatal mortality and stillbirth rates has lagged behind the substantial progress in reducing postneonatal and maternal mortality rates. The benefits to prenatal and neonatal health (PNH) from maternal and child health investments cannot be assumed. METHODS: We analysed donor funding for PNH over the period 2003-2013. We used an exhaustive key term search followed by manual review and classification to identify official development assistance and private grant (ODA+) disbursement records in the Countdown to 2015 ODA+ Database. RESULTS: The value of ODA+ mentioning PNH or an activity that would directly benefit PNH increased from $105 million in 2003 to$1465 million in 2013, but this included a 3% decline between 2012 and 2013. Projects exclusively benefitting PNH reached just $6 million in 2013. Records mentioning PNH accounted for 3$2708 million disbursed in 2003 for maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) and increased to 13% of the $9287 million disbursed for MNCH in 2013. In 11 years, only nine records ($6 million) mentioned stillbirth, miscarriage, or the fetus, although the two leading infectious causes of stillbirth were mentioned in records worth $832 million. The USA disbursed the most ODA+ mentioning PNH ($2848 million, 40% of the total) and Unicef disbursed the most ODA+ exclusively benefitting PNH ($18 million, 30%). We found evidence that funding mentioning and exclusively benefitting PNH was targeted to countries with greater economic needs, but the evidence of targeting to health needs was weak and inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS: Newborn health rose substantially on the global agenda between 2003 and 2013, but prenatal health received minimal attention in donor funding decisions. Declines in 2013 and persistently low funding exclusively benefitting PNH indicate a need for caution and continued monitoring of donors' support for newborn health

Does Official Development Assistance Volatility Influence Agricultural Productivity Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Agriculture is of paramount importance of Sub- Sahara African SSA countries Owing to that governments and donors invest in the agricultural sector in order to meet the sustainable development goals However gaps are observed between official development assistance ODA disbursements and commitments Therefore this paper investigates the effect of ODA and its volatility on agricultural productivity growth in SSA over the period 2002-2015 using a random effect model The findings reveal a negative and significant effect of ODA volatility on agricultural productivity growth The findings suggest that SSA countries partners may continue helping them to boost the agricultural productivity growth through ODA and reduce the gap between ODA disbursements and ODA commitments to make ODA more predictabl

Tracking official development assistance for reproductive health in conflict-affected countries: 2002-2011.

OBJECTIVE: To provide information on trends on official development assistance (ODA) disbursement patterns for reproductive health activities in 18 conflict-affected countries. DESIGN: Secondary data analysis. SAMPLE: 18 conflict-affected countries and 36 non-conflict-affected countries. METHODS: The Creditor Reporting System (CRS) database was analyzed for ODA disbursement for direct and indirect reproductive health activities to 18 conflict-affected countries (2002-2011). A comparative analysis was also made with 36 non-conflict-affected counties in the same 'least-developed' income category. Multivariate regression analyses examined associations between conflict status and reproductive health ODA and between reproductive needs and ODA disbursements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patterns of ODA disbursements (constant U.S. dollars) for reproductive health activities. RESULTS: The average annual ODA disbursed for reproductive health to 18 conflict-affected countries from 2002 to 2011 was US$ 1.93 per person per year. There was an increase of 298% in ODA for reproductive health activities to the conflict-affected countries between 2002 and 2011; 56% of this increase was due to increases in HIV/AIDS funding. The average annual per capita reproductive health ODA disbursed to least-developed non-conflict-affected countries was 57% higher than to least-developed conflict-affected countries. Regression analyses confirmed disparities in ODA to and between conflict-affected countries. CONCLUSIONS: Despite increases in ODA for reproductive health for conflict-affected countries (albeit largely for HIV/AIDS activities), considerable disparities remains. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Study tracking 10 years of aid for reproductive aid shows major disparities for conflict-affected countries

Cooperative binding of the outer arm-docking complex underlies the regular arrangement of outer arm dynein in the axoneme

Outer arm dynein (OAD) in cilia and flagella is bound to the outer doublet microtubules every 24 nm. Periodic binding of OADs at specific sites is important for efficient cilia/flagella beating; however, the molecular mechanism that specifies OAD arrangement remains elusive. Studies using the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have shown that the OAD-docking complex (ODA-DC), a heterotrimeric complex present at the OAD base, functions as the OAD docking site on the doublet. We find that the ODA-DC has an ellipsoidal shape approximately 24 nm in length. In mutant axonemes that lack OAD but retain the ODA-DC, ODA-DC molecules are aligned in an end-to-end manner along the outer doublets. When flagella of a mutant lacking ODA-DCs are supplied with ODA-DCs upon gamete fusion, ODA-DC molecules first bind to the mutant axonemes in the proximal region, and the occupied region gradually extends toward the tip, followed by binding of OADs. This and other results indicate that a cooperative association of the ODA-DC underlies its function as the OAD-docking site and is the determinant of the 24-nm periodicity

Guía de Gestión del repositorio de Objetos Digitales OdA

Esta guía detalla los distintos menús y acciones para crear y gestionar una colección de Objetos Digitales en el contenedor OdA (en adelante OdA). El contenedor OdA 2.0 permite crear un sitio web para almacenar, gestionar y publicar colecciones de Objetos Digitales. Entre las aplicaciones creadas con OdA destacan los Repositorios de Objetos de Aprendizaje y los Museos Virtuales Académicos

Countdown to 2015: changes in offi cial development assistance to reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health, and assessment of progress between 2003 and 2012

Background Tracking of aid resources to reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) provides timely and crucial information to hold donors accountable. For the fi rst time, we examine fl ows in offi cial development assistance (ODA) and grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (collectively termed ODA+) in relation to the continuum of care for RMNCH and assess progress since 2003. Methods We coded and analysed fi nancial disbursements for maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) and for reproductive health (R*) to all recipient countries worldwide from all donors reporting to the creditor reporting system database for the years 2011–12. We also included grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. We analysed trends for MNCH for the period 2003–12 and for R* for the period 2009–12. Findings ODA+ to RMNCH from all donors to all countries worldwide amounted to US$12·2 billion in 2011 (an 11·8$12·8 billion in 2012 (a 5·0% increase relative to 2011). ODA+ to MNCH represents more than 60% of all aid to RMNCH. ODA+ to projects that have newborns as part of the target population has increased 34-fold since 2003. ODA to RMNCH from the 31 donors, which have reported consistently since 2003, to the 75 Countdown priority countries, saw a 3·2% increase in 2011 relative to 2010 ($8·3 billion in 2011), and an 11·8$9·3 billion in 2012). ODA to RMNCH projects has increased with time, whereas general budget support has continuously declined. Bilateral agencies are still the predominant source of ODA to RMNCH. Increased funding to family planning, nutrition, and immunisation projects were noted in 2011 and 2012. ODA+ has been targeted to RMNCH during the period 2005–12, although there is no evidence of improvements in targeting over time. Interpretation Despite a reduction in ODA+ in 2011, ODA+ to RMNCH increased in both 2011 and 2012. The increase in funding is encouraging, but continued increases are needed to accelerate progress towards achieving MDGs 4 and 5 and beyond