تطوير المواد الدراسية في تعليم مهارة الكتاب في برنامج الخاض لتعليم اللغة العربية في جامعة مولانا مالك ابراهم الإسلامية الحكومية مالانج

ABSTRAK Perkembangan Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang sebagai salah satu Perguruan Tinggi Islam yang berkembang pesat membutuhkan terobosan- terobosan yang handal. Salah satu hal penting yang tidak bisa dipisahkan adalah peranan penting dari PKPBA (Program Khusus Pengembangan Bahasa Arab). PKPBA sebagai sebuah unit pengembangan bahasa, telah berperan penting dalam membantu meningkatkan kemampuan berbahasa mahasiswa khususnya bahasa arab. Banyak dari mahasiswa yang pertama kali masuk PKPBA belum mengetahui bahasa Arab. Namun setelah belajar di PKPBA mereka mampu mengenal ilmu bahasa arab. Namun, tidak hanya berhenti pada mengetahui bahasa arab saja, program ini juga berupaya agar semua mahasiswa mampu untuk menguasai salah satu dari 4 ketrampilan bahasa yakni ketrampilan menulis. Tujuan dari peneliyian ini adalah untuk melengkapi proses pengembangan penyusunan materi ajar menulis dan mengetahui ke-efektifan materi yang dikembangkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan prosedur eksperimen dimana peneliti mendisain Pre-test dan Postest terhadap dua kelompok yakni kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol. Hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwa pembelajaran ketrampilan menulis dengan menggunakan buku ajar lebih efektif dari pada tanpa menggunakan buku ajar. Dengan indikasi bahwa t-test kelas eksperimen (J3) lebih efektif dengan indikasi bahwa t-test kelas kontrol adalah 3,4. dimana hasil ini lebih besar dari pada tingkat t-table 5% 2,059 dan tingkat 1% 2,787. Dari hasil ini menunjukan bahwa pengajaran menulis bahasa Arab efektif dengan menggunakan materi ajar yang telah disusun oleh peneliti. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: (1) Penyusunan materi ajar untuk PKPBA dimulai dengan membatasi tujuan pengajaran, kemudian menentukan pembagian materi sesuai dengan jumlah hari yang digunakan untuk pembelajaran dalam satu minggu. (2) Pembelajaran menulis bahasa Arab dengan menggunakan Materi ajar ini dinyatakan efektif. Dari hasil yang disebutkan diatas, sudah semestinya materi pengajaran menulis bahasa Arab dapat dimanfaatkan dengan benar dalam proses pengajaran, selain itu penulis berharap agar penelitian ini menjadi referensi untuk penelitian lanjutan yang berhubungan dengan penelitian ini sehingga dapat dikembangkan ke dalam desain materi ajar menulis untuk tingkat selanjutnya. ABSTRACT The expansion of State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim need some powerful breakthrough. One of the important things is the role of Intensive Arabic Program as unit for improving Arabic, have played an important for helping Arabic language improvement. Most of the students when the first time they enter to this Program, they haven’t yet Arabic knowledge. But after studying in this program for several months they could understand about Arabic. But is not enough in knowing the Arabic only, but this program also try to make all students are mastering one of these four skills, that is writing skill. This research aims at designing process of writing teaching material and finding out the effectiveness of writing teaching material using in Intensive Arabic Program of State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. This research uses the experimental method that the researcher design pre-test and post-test for both groups (Experiment and Control group). This research reach the degree of t-test 3,4 this biggest than t-table at the level of 5% (2,059) and at the level 1% (2,787). This indicates that the use of writing Teaching Material in Arabic for improving writing skill is effective. And the result of this research are obtained bellow: (1) Preparing this teaching material process started by determining the goals, finding out the learning material based on the days in a week which used for teaching (2) The use of writing Teaching Material in Arabic for improving writing skill is effective. Based on these results, teaching material must be used as good as possible in teaching process. Besides, the researcher hopes that the research becomes the reference for further researchers which have a relation with this chapter and could be developed to other teaching material for advance grade

RAGE−/− OT-II T cells show reduced infiltration in lung when transferred into WT hosts.

<p>Adoptive transfer experiments were performed as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095678#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> with OT-II T cells from WT (n = 7) or RAGE−/− (n =  6) mice. The total number of cells were counted in the lungs after gating on CD4+Vβ5.1/5.2+ T cells that were detected by flow cytometry. There were reduced numbers of Vβ5.1/5.2⁺ T cells in the recipients of RAGE−/− OT-II T cells (p = 0.08).</p

OVA specific OT-II CD4⁺Tcells showed reduced cytokine production and lung infiltration in OVA immunized mice.

<p>RAGE sufficient or deficient OT-II TCR-Tg mice were immunized with intranasal OVA as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095678#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. <i>(</i><b><i>A</i></b><i>)</i> Luminex analysis of IFN-γ (left panel) and IL-5 (right panel) levels in the supernatant of OVA stimulated OT-II cells derived from mediastinal LNs of WT or RAGE−/− mice immunized with OVA. The levels of cytokines in unstimulated cultures were less than the lower limit of detection. Results from a single experiment representative of experiments with 3 and 4 WT and RAGE−/− OT-II mice respectively are shown (*p<0.05). IF staining of CD4⁺ (red) and DAPI (blue) cells <i>(</i><b><i>B</i></b><i>)</i> and percent of infiltrating CD4⁺Vβ5⁺ cell <i>(</i><b><i>C</i></b><i>)</i> (OT-II: n = 5, OT-II.RAGE−/−; n = 5; *p<0.04) in the lungs of OVA immunized OT-II and OT-II.RAGE−/− mice. We did not find T cell infiltration in animals that had not been previously exposed to OVA.</p

RAGE deficiency reduces Th1 while enhancing Th17 differentiation in T cells.

<p>Purified T cells from WT or RAGE−/− mice were cultured under conditions that favor differentiation into Th1, Th2, or Th17 cells as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095678#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. After 4 days of primary stimulation and one day of resting, cells were restimulated overnight with plate bound anti-CD3. The levels of cytokines in the supernatants were measured by Luminex or by ELISA. The skewing of the cell phenotypes was verified by measurement of secreted cytokines in the cultures of WT cells. The levels of IL-17 produced when the T cells were cultured withIL23, IL6 and TGF-β were increased in the RAGE−/− T cells vs WT whereas the levels of IFNγ were reduced when the cells were cultured with anti-IL-4 mAb and IL12 (p<0.0001). (n = 9 to 10 each, WT = black bar, RAGE−/− = gray bar).</p

Cellular infiltration of the lung is reduced in OVA immunized RAGE−/− mice.

<p>WT or RAGE−/− mice were challenged with intranasal OVA as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095678#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. <i>(</i><b><i>A</i></b><i>)</i> H&E staining of lungs of WT and RAGE−/− mice. <i>(</i><b><i>B</i></b><i>)</i> Percent of Gr-1⁺ cells in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid of OVA immunized mice (n = 5 per group, ***p<0.003). <i>(</i><b><i>C</i></b><i>)</i> Absolute numbers of CD4⁺ in the lungs of OVA immunized mice (WT: n = 15; RAGE−/−: n = 14; *p<0.045). <i>(</i><b><i>D</i></b><i>)</i> Percent of CD4⁺CD62L⁺ cells in the mediastinal LNs of OVA immunized mice (WT: n = 4, RAGE−/−: n = 5; *p<0.035).</p

Phenotype of RAGE+ T cells.

<p>A: The phenotype of RAGE+ and − PBMC from patients with T1D were studied by flow cytometry (n = 4). PBMC were activated with PMA/ionomycin for 6 hours and the percentage of cytokine+ RAGE+ or RAGE− T cells was determined in the same individual and compared by paired t-test. The percentages that are shown (mean± SEM) represent the percent of the RAGE+ or RAGE− T cells that were cytokine+. (*p<0.05). B. A single representative experiment showing staining with RAGE and CD107a and IL-17 are shown. Gates were placed around CD4+ T cells. The inserts show the the percentage of total CD4+ cells in each quadrant.</p

Phenotype of RAGE+ T cells.

<p>CD8+ T cells, that were not activated from a patient with T1D (R column) or a CD8+ T cells from a HLA-A2+ healthy control subject, activated with anti-CD3+28 mAbs (L column) or from the same HC subject activated with EBV peptide (middle column) were compared. The RAGE+ T cells from the patient with T1D do not express CD25, are CCR7+ and have a more uniform distribution of CD45RA. Results from a single donor representative of 3 is shown.</p

RAGE ligand enhances RAGE expression on T cells.

<p>Peripheral blood cells were cultured with or without EBV peptide and IL-2 with or without S100b. After 7 days, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were analyzed for the expression of RAGE. The percentages shown in each panel indicate the percentage of RAGE+ T cells (minus background staining with control Ig) of CD4+ or CD8+ cells. A single experiment representative of 3 is shown.</p

Expression of RAGE on human APC's and T cells.

<p>A: Surface RAGE expression was studied on CD11c+ PBMC before (top) and after (bottom) culture with LPS for 7 days. (solid line = staining with anti-RAGE antibody, dashed line = staining with isotype control) B: Cell surface (L and intracellular RAGE expression was studied on CD4+ T cells before (top) and after 7 days in culture with anti-CD3 mAb (bottom). A single experiment representative of cultures with more than 4 donors is shown. C: PBMC were activated with anti-CD3 mAb for 48 hrs and lysed or separated into CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with magnetic beads and lysed. A blot of the lysates was probed with anti-RAGE antibody. The arrow identifies RAGE in the cells.</p

Changes in RAGE expression on activated T cells from patients with T1D and healthy control subjects.

<p>RAGE expression was studied on CD4+ or CD8+ T cells before and 48 hrs after culture with anti-CD3 mAb. RAGE expression was higher on CD4+ (p<0.001) and CD8+ (p<0.001) T cells from patients with T1D vs healthy controls. While the level of RAGE expression increased in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from healthy control subjects (p<0.05), it decreased in the patients with T1D (p<0.05).</p