Multi-spectral Vascular Oximetry of Rat Dorsal Spinal Cord

No abstract available

Evaluation of Precision Livestock Technology and Human Scoring of Nursery Pigs in a Controlled Immune Challenge Experiment

The objectives were to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and cutoff values of a visual-based precision livestock technology (NUtrack), and determine the sensitivity and specificity of sickness score data collected with the live observation by trained human observers. At weaning, pigs (n = 192; gilts and barrows) were randomly assigned to one of twelve pens (16/pen) and treatments were randomly assigned to pens. Sham-pen pigs all received subcutaneous saline (3 mL). For LPS-pen pigs, all pigs received subcutaneous lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 300 µg/kg BW; E. coli O111:B4; in 3 mL of saline). For the last treatment, eight pigs were randomly assigned to receive LPS, and the other eight were sham (same methods as above; half-and-half pens). Human data from the day of the challenge presented high true positive and low false positive rates (88.5% sensitivity; 85.4% specificity; 0.871 Area Under Curve, AUC), however, these values declined when half-and-half pigs were scored (75% sensitivity; 65.5% specificity; 0.703 AUC). Precision technology measures had excellent AUC, sensitivity, and specificity for the first 72 h after treatment and AUC values were \u3e0.970, regardless of pen treatment. These results indicate that precision technology has a greater potential for identifying pigs during a natural infectious disease event than trained professionals using timepoint sampling

Incidence of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections and pneumonia among older adults in the United Kingdom: a population-based study.

Community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and pneumonia (CAP) are common causes of morbidity and mortality among those aged ≥65 years; a growing population in many countries. Detailed incidence estimates for these infections among older adults in the United Kingdom (UK) are lacking. We used electronic general practice records from the Clinical Practice Research Data link, linked to Hospital Episode Statistics inpatient data, to estimate incidence of community-acquired LRTI and CAP among UK older adults between April 1997-March 2011, by age, sex, region and deprivation quintile. Levels of antibiotic prescribing were also assessed. LRTI incidence increased with fluctuations over time, was higher in men than women aged ≥70 and increased with age from 92.21 episodes/1000 person-years (65-69 years) to 187.91/1000 (85-89 years). CAP incidence increased more markedly with age, from 2.81 to 21.81 episodes/1000 person-years respectively, and was higher among men. For both infection groups, increases over time were attenuated after age-standardisation, indicating that these rises were largely due to population aging. Rates among those in the most deprived quintile were around 70% higher than the least deprived and were generally higher in the North of England. GP antibiotic prescribing rates were high for LRTI but lower for CAP (mostly due to immediate hospitalisation). This is the first study to provide long-term detailed incidence estimates of community-acquired LRTI and CAP in UK older individuals, taking person-time at risk into account. The summary incidence commonly presented for the ≥65 age group considerably underestimates LRTI/CAP rates, particularly among older individuals within this group. Our methodology and findings are likely to be highly relevant to health planners and researchers in other countries with aging populations

Producción agroecológica de leche en el trópico de altura: sinergia entre restauración ecológica y sistemas silvopastoriles

Climate change and the inequality of the global trade of dairy products have seriously affected small milk producers who have adopted an artificial model based on industrial inputs and the extreme genetic specialization of livestock. Although the application of agroecological principles and the growing demand for natural foods indicate an escape route for these producers, agroecological milk production is not easy because the transition requires making difficult decisions that can affect short term productivity. This article summarizes the agroecological transition of a small dairy farm in the central Andes of Colombia.The starting point was the conventional model typical of many mountain dairies in Latin America, based on grass monocultures fertilized with urea and the supplementation of cows with feedstuffs made from imported cereals and soy cake. By adopting increasingly complex silvopastoral systems and phasing out farm chemical inputs this farm managed to reduce the production costs and increase the quality and price of its milk while improving food security and energy efficiency. Adding value to the organic milk is the final challenge that will improve the profitability of the farming system.El cambio climático y la inequidad que caracteriza al comercio global de los productos lácteos han golpeado duramente a los pequeños productores de leche que adoptaron un modelo artificial dependiente de insumos industriales y una exagerada especialización genética del ganado. Aunque la aplicación de los principios agroecológicos y la demanda creciente de alimentos naturales señalan una ruta de escape para estos productores, la producción agroecológica de leche no es fácil porque la etapa de transición exige tomar decisiones difíciles que pueden afectar la productividad en el corto plazo. Este artículo narra la transición agroecológica de una pequeña finca lechera en los Andes centrales de Colombia. El punto de partida fue el modelo convencional característico de muchas lecherías de montaña en América Latina, basado en monocultivos de gramíneas fertilizados con urea y la suplementación de las vacas con alimentos concentrados elaborados a partir de cereales y torta de soya importados. Mediante la adopción de sistemas silvopastoriles cada vez más complejos y la eliminación gradual de los insumos agroquímicos, la finca logró reducir el costo de producción de la leche, aumentar la calidad y el precio de la misma y mejorar la seguridad alimentaria y la eficiencia energética. El reto final será agregarle valor a la leche orgánica para aumentar la rentabilidad del sistema

Identification of an Elusive Spliceogenic MYBPC3 Variant in an Otherwise Genotype-Negative Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Pedigree

Case report[Abstract] The finding of a genotype-negative hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) pedigree with several affected members indicating a familial origin of the disease has driven this study to discover causative gene variants. Genetic testing of the proband and subsequent family screening revealed the presence of a rare variant in the MYBPC3 gene, c.3331-26T>G in intron 30, with evidence supporting cosegregation with the disease in the family. An analysis of potential splice-altering activity using several splicing algorithms consistently yielded low scores. Minigene expression analysis at the mRNA and protein levels revealed that c.3331-26T>G is a spliceogenic variant with major splice-altering activity leading to undetectable levels of properly spliced transcripts or the corresponding protein. Minigene and patient mRNA analyses indicated that this variant induces complete and partial retention of intron 30, which was expected to lead to haploinsufficiency in carrier patients. As most spliceogenic MYBPC3 variants, c.3331-26T>G appears to be non-recurrent, since it was identified in only two additional unrelated probands in our large HCM cohort. In fact, the frequency analysis of 46 known splice-altering MYBPC3 intronic nucleotide substitutions in our HCM cohort revealed 9 recurrent and 16 non-recurrent variants present in a few probands (≤ 4), while 21 were not detected. The identification of non-recurrent elusive MYBPC3 spliceogenic variants that escape detection by in silico algorithms represents a challenge for genetic diagnosis of HCM and contributes to solving a fraction of genotype-negative HCM cases.This article was funded by Secretaria Xeral de Investigación e Desenvolvemento, Xunta de Galicia, GRC ED431C 2018/38. Open access funding provided by Health in CodeXunta de Galicia; ED431C 2018/3

Stunting is preceded by intestinal mucosal damage and microbiome changes and Is associated with systemic inflammation in a cohort of Peruvian infants

Stunting, defined as height-for-ag

Mortalidad infantil por enfermedades infecciosas intestinales en Venezuela, 1996-2008

Objetivo: Estudio de la Mortalidad por Enfermedades Infecciosas Intestinales (CIE-10: A00-A09) (EII) en los menores de 1 año en Venezuela según tiempo, persona, etiología y lugar durante 1996-2008. Materiales y Métodos Utilizados: Las fuentes son los Anuarios de Mortalidad del Min. Salud y del Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Análisis en números absolutos y cálculos de tasas específicas de menores de 1 año según sexo, etiología, entidad federal y tiempo, promedios, razones y proporciones. Correlación de Pearson entre tasa de mortalidad infantil por EII con Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) (p 0,05). Análisis con Microsoft Excel 2010 y SPSS.13.00. Resultados: Las muertes disminuyeron mucho, las tasas del primer trienio pasan de 3,18 por mil a 0,66; cayeron casi 5 veces. El índice de masculinidad es 1,33; estable en el lapso. Las EII son diarreas y gastroenteritis de presunto origen infeccioso; bacterianas (94,3%): Salmonella, Shigella e intoxicaciones intestinales bacterianas (1,5%); amebiasis y protozoarios (3,8%); el resto virales (0,05%). Las tasas varían en extremo por entidades federales. El último trienio, Delta Amacuro alcanza una tasa de 6,45; 10 veces por arriba de la tasa nacional, seguido a distancia por Zulia 2,64; Amazonas 2,28 y Apure 2,03. Se encontró una correlación de Pearson moderada (-0,416; p=0,03) inversamente proporcional entre la tasa de mortalidad y el IDH. Conclusiones: La mortalidad infantil por EII está descendiendo mucho en cifras absolutas y relativas. Es necesario mejorar el diagnóstico etiológico. Los estados con mayor población rural e indígena tienen las tasas más elevadas; abordando sanitariamente estos, tendríamos un gran impacto en la carga de muertes

Genomic, Pathway Network, and Immunologic Features Distinguishing Squamous Carcinomas

This integrated, multiplatform PanCancer Atlas study co-mapped and identified distinguishing molecular features of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from five sites associated with smokin

Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts