The Potential Of Kohonen Method For Classifying Rivers Focused On Regional Environmental Flow Determination With ELOHA

This article highlights the potential benefits that the Kohonen method has for the classification of rivers with similar characteristics by determining regional ecological flows using the ELOHA (Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration) methodology. Currently, there are many methodologies for the classification of rivers, however none of them include the characteristics found in Kohonen method such as (i) providing the number of groups that actually underlie the information presented, (ii) used to make variable importance analysis, (iii) which in any case can display two-dimensional classification process, and (iv) that regardless of the parameters used in the model the clustering structure remains. In order to evaluate the potential benefits of the Kohonen method, 174 flow stations distributed along the great river basin “Magdalena-Cauca” (Colombia) were analyzed. 73 variables were obtained for the classification process in each case. Six trials were done using different combinations of variables and the results were validated against reference classification obtained by Ingfocol in 2010, whose results were also framed using ELOHA guidelines. In the process of validation it was found that two of the tested models reproduced a level higher than 80% of the reference classification with the first trial, meaning that more than 80% of the flow stations analyzed in both models formed invariant groups of streams

Considerações sobre ética ambiental na gestão integrada de recursos hídricos da bacia do rio Quindío

+This article discusses the relationship that man has built with the environment from the starting point of Western culture and indigenous peoples. The current environmental crisis can be explained in part from the values built by Western man. It is also possible to explain the paradigm shift from supply-oriented management to demand-driven management based on the values constructed by indigenous peoples. In spite of the fact that Colombia has adopted a national policy for the comprehensive management of water resources (Spanish acronym: GIRH), the institutions responsible for planning continue to develop projects under the supply-oriented paradigm. In this framework, in order to guarantee the future water supply in the state of Quindío, the construction of a dam has been proposed, without evaluating other alternatives. The inclusion of new alternatives should follow the principles of the GIRH, allowing for a comprehensive study of hydrological, economic, and social aspects such that an informed decision could be made. In this document, the technical vision is complemented by the discussion of the ethical aspects promoted by the GIRH. These aspects are analyzed in the context of a non-utilitarian philosophy which attempts to unify man with other living beings, posing questions such as: Should water be assigned to each use according to environmental, social, cultural, or economic concepts? What level of uncertainty is tolerable for making decisions with respect to the use given to water resources?En el artículo se expone la relación que el hombre ha construido con el ambiente a partir de la cultura del hombre occidental y de los pueblos indígenas. En parte, la actual crisis ambiental se explica desde los valores construidos por el hombre occidental como también es posible explicar el cambio de paradigma de la gestión orientada por la oferta a la gestión orientada por la demanda desde los valores construidos por los pueblos indígenas. A pesar de que Colombia adoptó una Política Nacional para la Gestión Integral del Recurso Hídrico (GIRH), las instituciones encargadas de su planificación continúan desarrollando proyectos bajo el paradigma de la gestión orientada por la oferta. En este marco, para garantizar el abastecimiento futuro de agua en el departamento del Quindío se ha planteado la construcción de un embalse sin evaluar otras alternativas. La inclusión de nuevas alternativas debería atender los principios de la GIRH, permitiendo el estudio integrado de aspectos hidrológicos, económicos y sociales de forma tal que promueva la toma de una decisión informada. En este documento la visión técnica es complementada con la discusión de los aspectos éticos promovidos por la GIRH. Estos aspectos son analizados en el marco de una filosofía no utilitarista que intenta unificar al hombre con los demás seres vivos, planteando preguntas como: ¿El agua debe asignarse a cada uso siguiendo conceptos ambientales, sociales, culturales o económicos? ¿Qué nivel de incertidumbre es tolerable para la toma de decisiones respecto del uso que se da al recurso hídrico?O artigo descreve a relação que o homem desenvolveu com o meio ambiente a partir da cultura ocidental e das populações indígenas. Em parte, a atual crise ambiental pode ser explicada a partir dos valores construídos pelo homem ocidental e também é possível explicar a mudança de paradigma desde a gestão orientada pela oferta para a gestão orientada pela procura a partir dos valores construídos pelas populações indígenas. Embora a Colômbia tenha adotado uma política nacional para a gestão integrada de recursos hídricos (GIRH), as instituições responsáveis por seu planejamento continuam desenvolvendo projetos no âmbito do paradigma da gestão orientada pela oferta. Nesse quadro, para garantir o abastecimento de água no futuro, foi projetada no departamento de Quindío a construção de uma barragem sem avaliar outras alternativas. A inclusão de novas alternativas deveria abordar os princípios da GIRH, permitindo o estudo integrado de aspetos hidrológicos, econômicos e sociais de forma a promover uma tomada de uma decisão informada. No presente documento a visão técnica é complementada pela discussão sobre os aspetos éticos promovidos pela GIRH. Esses aspetos são analisados no quadro de uma filosofia não utilitária que tenta unificar o homem com os outros seres vivos, levantando questões como: A água deve ser atribuída a cada uso seguindo conceitos ambientais, sociais, culturais ou econômicos? Qual é o nível de incerteza tolerável para a tomada de decisões quanto ao uso dado aos recursos hídricos

Acople de un modelo de conductancia estomática, fotosíntesis y transpiración para el cultivo de maracuyá (passiflora edulis sims)

En la actualidad se desconocen las respuestas de los cultivos en términos de balances hídrico y energético frente al aumento de gases efecto invernadero y cambio climático. El objetivo de este trabajo fue formular y evaluar un modelo acoplado de fotosíntesis, conductancia estomática y transpiración para el cultivo de maracuyá (Passiflora edulis) en condiciones de clima tropical por medio de la combinación de submodelos ampliamente aceptados. Como caso de estudio se utilizó el protocolo de modelación matemática aplicado al cultivo en el departamento del Huila, Colombia. La transpiración real estimada por el modelo fue evaluada usando un lisímetro de tipo gravimétrico. Los resultados del estudio indicaron que el modelo propuesto fue capaz de estimar la transpiración del cultivo de maracuyá bajo condiciones de clima templado con una buena validación de 0.30. La transpiración media diaria para el cultivo en las condiciones de clima templado del departamento del Huila durante el periodo de estudio fue de 1.36 mm/día. Por análisis de sensibilidad se identificó el parámetro m siendo altamente sensible para el caso de estudio; por el contrario, los parámetros Vm25, Kc25, Jm25, Ko25, f, Bs mostraron escasa sensibilidad e identificación.At present, crop behavior due to climate change is not well known, in particular those responses related to water and energy balances. The aim of this work was to propose and implement a model aimed to evaluate interactions among photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration phenomenon under both crop growing process and tropic climate conditions. A passion fruit crop located in Colombia (Huila Department) is taken as a study case. The actual transpiration estimated by the model was evaluated using a gravimetric type lysimeter. The results indicated that the proposed model was able to estimate the passion fruit crop transpiration under conditions in the tropic climate with a good validation of 0.30. The mean daily transpiration rate under wet weather conditions during the study period was 1.36 mm d-1.Sensitivity analysis indicated that the parameter m is identified and is highly sensitive for the case study, however, VM25, KC25, JM25, Ko25, f, B parameters showed poor sensitivity and identification

Degradation and thermodynamic adsorption process of carbofuran and oxadicyl in a Colombian agricultural soil profile

Carbofuran and oxadixyl pesticides are used in Colombia to control pests and fungi, but their mobility through the soil profile is poorly understood. This study showed degradation and adsorption processes of these compounds in a Melanudands soil (0-100 cm) from Colombia using laboratory incubation and the batch equilibrium methods. First-order kinetic models indicated that the degradation rates of carbofuran (0.013-0.006 day-1) and oxadixyl (0.013-0.008 day-1) decreased at deeper soil layers, suggesting that the pesticides were more persistent in the sub-surface (60-100 cm) than in the surface layers (0-40 cm). The thermodynamic approach showed that the adsorption of both pesticides was similar, an exothermic and spontaneous process. The carbofuran and oxadixyl coefficient of distribution (5.8-0.3 L kg-1) and the percentage of adsorption (71.2-11.3%) were very similar in the surface layers (0-40 cm) and decreased with the soil depth. The organic carbon (OC) and clay content showed a positive correlation with the pesticide adsorption throughout the soil profile; therefore, mathematical equations were developed from multiple linear regression models for these soil properties and initial concentration. The equations were important to the estimation of the mobility of the compounds using leaching models under laboratory and field conditions

Considerações sobre ética ambiental na gestão integrada de recursos hídricos da bacia do rio Quindío

+This article discusses the relationship that man has built with the environment from the starting point of Western culture and indigenous peoples. The current environmental crisis can be explained in part from the values built by Western man. It is also possible to explain the paradigm shift from supply-oriented management to demand-driven management based on the values constructed by indigenous peoples. In spite of the fact that Colombia has adopted a national policy for the comprehensive management of water resources (Spanish acronym: GIRH), the institutions responsible for planning continue to develop projects under the supply-oriented paradigm. In this framework, in order to guarantee the future water supply in the state of Quindío, the construction of a dam has been proposed, without evaluating other alternatives. The inclusion of new alternatives should follow the principles of the GIRH, allowing for a comprehensive study of hydrological, economic, and social aspects such that an informed decision could be made. In this document, the technical vision is complemented by the discussion of the ethical aspects promoted by the GIRH. These aspects are analyzed in the context of a non-utilitarian philosophy which attempts to unify man with other living beings, posing questions such as: Should water be assigned to each use according to environmental, social, cultural, or economic concepts? What level of uncertainty is tolerable for making decisions with respect to the use given to water resources?En el artículo se expone la relación que el hombre ha construido con el ambiente a partir de la cultura del hombre occidental y de los pueblos indígenas. En parte, la actual crisis ambiental se explica desde los valores construidos por el hombre occidental como también es posible explicar el cambio de paradigma de la gestión orientada por la oferta a la gestión orientada por la demanda desde los valores construidos por los pueblos indígenas. A pesar de que Colombia adoptó una Política Nacional para la Gestión Integral del Recurso Hídrico (GIRH), las instituciones encargadas de su planificación continúan desarrollando proyectos bajo el paradigma de la gestión orientada por la oferta. En este marco, para garantizar el abastecimiento futuro de agua en el departamento del Quindío se ha planteado la construcción de un embalse sin evaluar otras alternativas. La inclusión de nuevas alternativas debería atender los principios de la GIRH, permitiendo el estudio integrado de aspectos hidrológicos, económicos y sociales de forma tal que promueva la toma de una decisión informada. En este documento la visión técnica es complementada con la discusión de los aspectos éticos promovidos por la GIRH. Estos aspectos son analizados en el marco de una filosofía no utilitarista que intenta unificar al hombre con los demás seres vivos, planteando preguntas como: ¿El agua debe asignarse a cada uso siguiendo conceptos ambientales, sociales, culturales o económicos? ¿Qué nivel de incertidumbre es tolerable para la toma de decisiones respecto del uso que se da al recurso hídrico?O artigo descreve a relação que o homem desenvolveu com o meio ambiente a partir da cultura ocidental e das populações indígenas. Em parte, a atual crise ambiental pode ser explicada a partir dos valores construídos pelo homem ocidental e também é possível explicar a mudança de paradigma desde a gestão orientada pela oferta para a gestão orientada pela procura a partir dos valores construídos pelas populações indígenas. Embora a Colômbia tenha adotado uma política nacional para a gestão integrada de recursos hídricos (GIRH), as instituições responsáveis por seu planejamento continuam desenvolvendo projetos no âmbito do paradigma da gestão orientada pela oferta. Nesse quadro, para garantir o abastecimento de água no futuro, foi projetada no departamento de Quindío a construção de uma barragem sem avaliar outras alternativas. A inclusão de novas alternativas deveria abordar os princípios da GIRH, permitindo o estudo integrado de aspetos hidrológicos, econômicos e sociais de forma a promover uma tomada de uma decisão informada. No presente documento a visão técnica é complementada pela discussão sobre os aspetos éticos promovidos pela GIRH. Esses aspetos são analisados no quadro de uma filosofia não utilitária que tenta unificar o homem com os outros seres vivos, levantando questões como: A água deve ser atribuída a cada uso seguindo conceitos ambientais, sociais, culturais ou econômicos? Qual é o nível de incerteza tolerável para a tomada de decisões quanto ao uso dado aos recursos hídricos

PREDICCION DE CAUDALES DE RIOS APLICANDO EL MODELO NEURODIFUSO ANFIS Y REDES NEURONALES

Este Articulo muestra los resultados obtenidos en la implementación del modelo neurodifuso ANFIS y de las redes neuronales para la predicción de caudales medios mensuales. Se desarrolla e Implementa el modelo ANFIS y se evalúa el comportamiento de 6 modelos al variar el número de entradas, el número y tipo de conjuntos difusos ( funciones de pertenencia), que son los parámetros fundamentales del modelo ANFIS y se compara los resultados con los obtenidos con las redes neuronales perceptron multicapa

Degradation and thermodynamic adsorption process of carbofuran and oxadicyl in a Colombian agricultural soil profile

Carbofuran and oxadixyl pesticides are used in Colombia to control pests and fungi, but their mobility through the soil profile is poorly understood. This study showed degradation and adsorption processes of these compounds in a Melanudands soil (0-100 cm) from Colombia using laboratory incubation and the batch equilibrium methods. First-order kinetic models indicated that the degradation rates of carbofuran (0.013-0.006 day-1) and oxadixyl (0.013-0.008 day-1) decreased at deeper soil layers, suggesting that the pesticides were more persistent in the sub-surface (60-100 cm) than in the surface layers (0-40 cm). The thermodynamic approach showed that the adsorption of both pesticides was similar, an exothermic and spontaneous process. The carbofuran and oxadixyl coefficient of distribution (5.8-0.3 L kg-1) and the percentage of adsorption (71.2-11.3%) were very similar in the surface layers (0-40 cm) and decreased with the soil depth. The organic carbon (OC) and clay content showed a positive correlation with the pesticide adsorption throughout the soil profile; therefore, mathematical equations were developed from multiple linear regression models for these soil properties and initial concentration. The equations were important to the estimation of the mobility of the compounds using leaching models under laboratory and field conditions