Results of Approximation and Measure on Mutational Spaces

This thesis extends the machinery of Mutational Analysis to accommodate numerical methods that are commonly used today, such as the Midpoint Method, Heun Method, and Runge-Kutta Methods. This is done by developing Taylor expansions in Mutational Spaces of Higher Order. Another extension of Mutational Analysis to Stochastic Mutational Analysis is considered. This extension is used to accommodate more realistic and robust models than the deterministic counterpart. A biologically relevant model is used as an illustration of this extension

EVALUATING THE DEPOSITION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE PORES OF GRANULAR MEDIA DEEP-BED FILTERS

This paper focuses on a study related to the rate of removal of pollutants (suspended solids or particulates) from granular media deep-bed (depth) filters designed and constructed for the production of potable water. An approach was developed for computation of quantities of solids deposited in the pores of granular media filters. The continuity equation was applied in assessing the deposition (accumulation) of pollutants within the interstices of mono and dual-media filtration beds in space and time. Normalized turbidity removal-ratio curves were developed for the dual-media and mono-media filters using data from pilot filters that exhibited high efficiency. The results of the study indicate that deposit morphology decreases with media depth and increases with time. The total quantities of material obtained from the summation of deposits in individual layers are substantially equal for the dual and mono-media filters up to the end of filter run time (14 hours) for the mono-media sand filter. The results and findings from this study will be useful to designers and managers of water treatment works in developing and developed countries

EVALUATING THE DEPOSITION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE PORES OF GRANULAR MEDIA DEEP-BED FILTERS

This paper focuses on a study related to the rate of removal of pollutants (suspended solids or particulates) from granular media deep-bed (depth) filters designed and constructed for the production of potable water. An approach was developed for computation of quantities of solids deposited in the pores of granular media filters. The continuity equation was applied in assessing the deposition (accumulation) of pollutants within the interstices of mono and dual-media filtration beds in space and time. Normalized turbidity removal-ratio curves were developed for the dual-media and mono-media filters using data from pilot filters that exhibited high efficiency. The results of the study indicate that deposit morphology decreases with media depth and increases with time. The total quantities of material obtained from the summation of deposits in individual layers are substantially equal for the dual and mono-media filters up to the end of filter run time (14 hours) for the mono-media sand filter. The results and findings from this study will be useful to designers and managers of water treatment works in developing and developed countries

Upstream Business Integration Strategy and Profitability of Food Manufacturing Industries in Nigeria

With the increasing population and scare resources due to rising global demand for food, consumer goods manufacturers would increasingly have to pay more for import of raw materials, with resultant decrease in their profit margins. It has therefore become very important for Food Manufacturing Companies that want to stay competitive to take more interest in upstream business integration to sustain their raw materials supply chain at reasonable prices and sustain its profitability. The paper examines Upstream Business Integration Strategy and Profitability of Food Manufacturing Industries in Nigeria. The paper therefore concludes that Nigeria posses great potentials in agriculture. Integrating backward by these industries will unlock the untapped potentials of the agricultural sector. In so doing it will help open new frontiers of business which will reduce cost and deliver dividends to shareholders and allow for overall growth. It is therefore recommended that Food Manufacturing companies should do an analysis of other benefits which can lead to future profit e.g. tax relief, concessions, increased market share etc and Consider creating new innovative products which will create a variety of products that your raw materials can be used to produce as this may help in distributing the fixed cost attributable per unit cost. Key Words:  Upstream Business Integration, Value Chain Analysis, Profitability, and Market Share

Cultural Sensitivities and Health

Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of the society. Its components include knowledge, beliefs, norms, techniques, folkways, mores, laws, values, material culture, and universal culture. Health programs and interventions are more effective when they are “culturally appropriate” for the populations they serve. Each medical encounter provides the opportunity for the interface of several different cultures: the culture of the patient, the culture of the physician, and the culture of medicine. Peripheral, evidential, linguistic, constituent involving, and sociocultural strategies enable the health worker practice culturally sensitive healthcare delivery. Cultural targeting and cultural tailoring are applied to groups and individuals, respectively, by taking their peculiarities into account in making health care available to them. A combination of both approaches is recommended for optimal health outcomes. Cultural competency is the answer to the need for previously lacking cultural consideration in planning and delivering care. It enables the health worker overcome organizational and clinical barriers which continually impede efficient and effective healthcare delivery

Cost Effectiveness Evaluation and Public Sector Treasury Single Account Policy Implementation in Nigeria

Government policies and projects in Nigeria have most times been implemented at a very high cost. Sometimes the policy or project is still below average performance or at the preliminary stage, yet the total budgeted cost has been expended.  In this way most projects and policies are abandoned half way or variations of about half the initial contract sum is applied for to complete the project or give effective implementation to the policy.  Though, the enormous benefits of TSA policy as it is being expected in Nigeria, there is need to evaluate the cost effectiveness of its implementation.  The paper thus examined, cost effectiveness evaluation and  Treasury Single Account Policy implementation in Nigeria.  It x-rayed the meaning of TSA, the need for cost effectiveness evaluation of TSA policy, steps in cost effectiveness evaluation, TSA policy and the cost of implementation in Nigeria.  The paper concludes that applying cost effectiveness evaluation in TSA policy implementation enhances the net financial position of government and also it enhances the monitoring of the funding system of TSA policy as well as the performance level of its implementation.  We therefore recommend that cost effectiveness evaluation should be regularly carried on the TSA policy implementation and other government policies/projects and ensure actions are taken based on recommendations as this will boost public confidence on government, also government should ensure that cost effectiveness evaluation is carried out at the various stages of the TSA implementation as this will enhance the net financial position of government and finally, government should utilize cost effectiveness evaluation to monitor the funding of TSA policy implementation and assess its performance level at all times. Key Words: TSA, Cost Effectiveness Evaluation, Policy Implementation and MDA

Social Control in Precolonial Igboland of Nigeria

This study is a descriptive investigation of the traditional system of social control and order maintenance in the Igbo nation of Nigeria in Africa. It discusses how the Igbo employed customary standards of conduct and negative sanctions for breach of norms to control its people prior to the advent of the Europeans, colonization, and prisons. Employing ethnographic methodology, the paper describes what constitutes serious deviance and the stringent penalties imposed for their contravention in pre-colonial Igboland. Specifically, the Igbo employed the services of council of elders, age-grade associations, title-making associations, oracles, “Dibia” fraternities (medicine men), secret societies, the myth of reincarnation and non-transmigration, and the invocation of spirits of the ancestors (“mmanwu” and ancestral worship) to preserve collective conscience. Finally, the paper suggests a re-evaluation by current government in Igbo nation to determine a possibility of co-opting certain elements of pre-colonial systems into the 21st century social control in Igbo states

Deterrent Tax Measures and Tax Compliance in Nigeria

Over the years, many developed economies have made considerable investment in legislative tax reforms, taxpayer education programs, tax enforcement strategies, and increasingly sophisticated systems of tax administration using new technologies. Undoubtedly, there are lessons to be learnt from studying best practices in developed economies. However, compared to their counterparts in developed economies, policy makers and revenue authorities in developing economies face quite different challenges and constraints that require careful consideration in designing appropriate and effective tax systems. This paper examines the effects of deterrent tax measures on tax compliance in Nigeria. Following the introduction, we reviewed the existing tax policies and reforms in Nigeria. This is followed by a discussion of the various compliance strategies prescribed in the literature from where we developed our hypotheses. The method of data analysis used in the study is the ordinary least square (OLS) regression technique. This method was adopted because of its properties of consistency, unbiasedness and efficiency. The OLS regression technique was estimated using computer software (Microfit 4.1).  It was observed that the existing deterrent tax measures in Nigeria are inadequate and have not helped to promote tax compliance in the country. It was also discovered that fostering voluntary compliance and enhancing taxpayer’s morale will enhance tax compliance. We recommend that the Nigerian revenue authorities should strive to adopt the approach that will encourage voluntary compliance and prescribe appropriate sanctions for defaulters. Key Words: Tax, Tax system, Deterrent, Tax Measures, Tax Returns, Tax Liabilit