Efficacy and Tolerability of Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Children and Adolescents With Schizophrenia

Early-onset schizophrenia-spectrum (EOSS) disorders (onset of psychotic symptoms before 18 years of age) represent a severe variant associated with significant chronic functional impairment and poor response to antipsychotic treatment. All drugs with proven antipsychotic effects block dopamine D2 receptors to some degree. The ongoing development of the dopamine and other neurotransmitter receptor systems during childhood and adolescence may affect clinical response and susceptibility to side effects in youth. A literature search was conducted of clinical trials of antipsychotics in children and adolescents with EOSS disorders between 1980 and 2007 from the Medline database, reference lists, and conference proceedings. Trials were limited to double-blind studies of duration of 4 or more weeks that included 15 or more patients. Ten clinical trials were identified. Antipsychotic medications were consistently found to reduce the severity of psychotic symptoms in children and adolescents when compared with placebo. The superiority of clozapine has been now demonstrated relative to haloperidol, standard-dose olanzapine, and “high-dose” olanzapine for EOSS disorders. However, limited comparative data are available regarding whether there are differences among the remaining second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in clinical effectiveness. The available data from short-term studies suggest that youth might be more sensitive than adults to developing antipsychotic-related adverse side effects (eg, extrapyramidal side effects, sedation, prolactin elevation, weight gain). In addition, preliminary data suggest that SGA use can lead to the development of diabetes in some youth, a disease which itself carries with it significant morbidity and mortality. Such a substantial risk points to the urgent need to develop therapeutic strategies to prevent and/or mitigate weight gain and diabetes early in the course of treatment in this population

Determination of relationship between composition and price value of anti-aging facial creams

V diplomski nalogi smo ugotavljali povezavo med sestavo in cenovno vrednostjo krem za obraz proti staranju, ki so dostopne na slovenskem tržišču v lekarnah, drogerijah in spletnih trgovinah. Naključno smo izbrali 92 krem, ki smo jih razdelili v 4 cenovne razrede. Zanimalo nas je, katere kozmetično aktivne sestavine proti staranju so najpogostejše in kakšni so njihovi mehanizmi delovanja. Posvetili smo se tudi sekundarnim kozmetično aktivnim sestavinam in pomožnim snovem, saj so pomemben dejavnik pri formuliranju kakovostne kreme za obraz. Najpogostejše sestavine smo predstavili v preglednicah in jih nato primerjali med posameznimi cenovnimi razredi.The aim of the current diploma thesis was to examine the relationship between the composition and the prices of anti-ageing facial creams which are currently available from Slovene pharmacies and specialised and online shops. In order to indentify the most frequently-selected active anti-aging ingredients and the underlying mechanisms of their action we randomly selected 92 facial creams and classified the latter into four price brackets. We also determined the types of the selected secondary active ingredients and auxiliary substances, which significantly influence facial cream quality. The most frequently-selected ingredients were presented in tables and then examined within the predetermined price brackets

An analysis of supervisor perceptions in Company XYZ

Includes bibliographical references