Geophysical and hydro-chemical investigation of the area around a waste dump site in Ile-Ife, southwest Nigeria

An integrated geophysical and hydro-chemical investigation was carried out in the area around the Stadium-Apollo Market waste dump located in Igboya area of Ile-Ife. It was with the aim of determining the geoelectric characteristics and groundwater chemistry which were used in delineating the subsurface sequence and evaluating the possible pollution of groundwater in the area. Eight Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) stations were occupied along two traverse lines trending North-South and East-West directions. Dipole-Dipole profilings were also carried out along same traverses. Eight water samples were collected from hand dug wells and analyzed for some chemical elements such as total acidity, major ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, Mg2+, Ca2+), NO3- and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, and Pb). Results of the investigation indicate that a maximum of four subsurface layers- the top soil, clay/sandy clay unit, the weathered layer and the basement bedrock exist in the area. The weathered layer constitutes the main aquifer unit with thicknesses of between 7 and 38 m. From the 2-D resistivity structures, contaminant plumes characterized by relatively low resistivity values (< 150 ohm-m) were identified down to depth of about 40 m in some places. Hydro-chemical results showed that the total acidity and concentration of Na+ Cl- and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg and Pb) in wells closest to and down slope of the waste dump (total acidity 5.1-10.0 mg/l; Na+ 8.92-11.07 mg/l; Cl- 127.62-297.78 mg/l; Cd, 0.006-0.009 mg/l; Cu, 0.330-1.840 mg/l; Fe, 2.300-4.600 mg/l; Hg, 1.247 mg/l and Pb, 0.260 Mg/l) are higher than concentrations in distant wells, and most of them (Cl-, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, and Pb) exceeded national and international drinking water quality standards. It can be concluded that the groundwater in the area had been contaminated and the plume had migrated to a significant depth.KEYWORDS: Geophysical, Hydro-chemical, Waste Dump, Groundwater Quality, Pollutio

始原的CRコンドライトに含まれる捕獲成分希ガスの起源への制約、及び太陽風希ガスに富む隕石の母天体位置における過去の太陽風フラックス

Tohoku University中嶋大輔課

Estimation of Greenland surface mass balance using positive degree-days method and energy balance model

The Tenth Symposium on Polar Science/Ordinary sessions: [OM] Polar Meteorology and Glaciology, Wed. 4 Dec. / Entrance Hall (1st floor) , National Institute of Polar Researc

Homogeneity of Law in the European Economic Area: A Case of Integration of Multiple Regional Communities and Implementation of Common Rules in the Integrated Community (Japanese)

The Member States of the European Communities (EC), EC, and the countries of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) have concluded the Agreement on European Economic Area (EEA Agreement). When such a combined regional community is formed, while each of these constituting bodies does not cease to exist, a question arises as to what legal constraints are necessitated to avoid divergent application of law among the members. This paper analyzes this question through examination of the EEA institutional system by focusing on the principle of homogeneity. The EEA system can be well understood by viewing it from the standpoint of the homogeneity principle, which includes two normative requirements. Firstly, it requires the EFTA/EC and their countries secure uniform interpretation of provisions of EEA law. Secondly, it requires that the substantive outcome of the application of the EEA Agreement is homogeneous. These requirements are embedded in the EEA institutional system, which contains not only a number of provisions identical in substance to those of the EC Treaty, but also a procedure for incorporating later EC secondary legislation into the national law of EFTA countries. Regard should also be paid to the EFTA Court as its own judicial organ and the EFTA Surveillance Authority, whose task is to supervise the application of EEA law within the EFTA. This overview shows that the EEA system is built up very similarly to the corresponding EC system, and thereby intends to manage the possibility of divergent development of law. However, the possibility cannot be excluded that the EFTA court may apply EEA law differently within the EFTA framework. The principle of homogeneity again makes up for this deficiency in the EFTA judicial system, i.e., intervention of EC Organ/Member States in the procedure, the case-law information exchange, and monitoring by the EEA Joint Committee. Furthermore, the EFTA Court very often refers the case of the ECJ, and even adopts precedents of constitutional relevance in order to secure homogeneous interpretation and application of the EEA law in so far as homogeneity is concerned. These solutions by the EEA to the divergent problems functions well so far. However, this cannot be easily applicable to the integration of multiple regional communities in general. Two prerequisites of the EEA system must be pointed out. Firstly, the system has been developed under strong influence of the preceding EC acquis. Secondly, it is assumed that the judicial organs play an active role in the governance of integration. Though these points need to be kept in mind, the principle of homogeneity as applied in the EEA is an appreciable legal solution to the unavoidable problems regarding integrating multiple regional communities.

Antarctic ice sheet modeling of the Last Glacial Maximum and the last deglaciation using the three-dimensional ice sheet model SICOPOLIS

The Tenth Symposium on Polar Science/Ordinary sessions: [OM] Polar Meteorology and Glaciology, Wed. 4 Dec. / Entrance Hall (1st floor) , National Institute of Polar Researc

Geospatial clustering of newly diagnosed HIV infected adults in Cross River State helps define new “hotspots”

Introduction: A hotspot is a geographical location having evidence of high STIs/HIV prevalence, and/or behaviors that put people at high risk of becoming infected. Therefore, Nigeria, with almost two million people living with HIV, could be considered a giant “hotspot.” The main aim was to describe how the geospatial clustering of newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults in Cross River State helps define new “hotspots.”Methods: Secondary data collected between January 2020 and March 2020, identified and mapped around a presumed hotspot’s radius of influence (ROI), were analyzed using a “Hotspot Analysis” plugin in QGIS software. With a sample size of 3019, both seropositive and seronegative results were geo-referenced and the resultant map was analyzed to determine HIV-positive clusters.Results: From the 3019 spatial locations mapped, 720 (23.9%) were positive cases. Of these, 328 (45.6%) were thus estimated as being associated with the presumed hotspots. The remaining 392 (54.4%) were positive cases identified outside of the ROI of the originally presumed hotspots. The total number of mapped HIV testing services (HTS) points (both negative and positive cases) within the hotspot ROI was 1319, while those outside of the hotspot ROI were 1700.Conclusion: Unique hotspots where social gatherings occur tended to have a wider ROI. Targeted testing in these hard-to-reach communities is recommended

ISMIP6 future projections for Greenland and Antarctica with the ice sheet model SICOPOLIS

The Tenth Symposium on Polar Science/Ordinary sessions: [OM] Polar Meteorology and Glaciology, Wed. 4 Dec. / 2F Auditorium, National Institute of Polar Researc