EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF UREA ON DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES OF WHEAT

The experiment was conducted at Student Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam during the year 2012-13, to evaluate the effect of foliar dose of urea on different growth stages of wheat variety TJ-83 with 3 replications, experimental design Randomized Block Design with two factors A foliar nitrogen concentration of urea with treatments control (non -treated plots), 0.5% and 1.0%however in factor B include two growth stages i.e. Tillering stage, Anthesis stage. Wheat variety TJ-83 was cultivated at net plot size 4x4= (16 m2). The results revealed that germination (%) showed non-significant response to foliar nitrogen concentrations, growth stages and their interaction whereas all other wheat traits significantly affected by different foliar fertilizers, growth stages and their interaction.The mean maximum plant height (cm), grains spike-1 and seed index (1000 grain weight g) were recorded at 0.5% urea nitrogen concentrations whereas other wheat traits tillers plant-1, spike length (cm), spikelets spike-1 and grain yield kg ha-1 were foundThe experiment was conducted at Student Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam during the year 2012-13, to evaluate the effect of foliar dose of urea on different growth stages of wheat variety TJ-83 with 3 replications, experimental design Randomized Block Design with two factors A foliar nitrogen concentration of urea with treatments control (non -treated plots), 0.5% and 1.0%however in factor B include two growth stages i.e. Tillering stage, Anthesis stage. Wheat variety TJ-83 was cultivated at net plot size 4x4= (16 m2). The results revealed that germination (%) showed non-significant response to foliar nitrogen concentrations, growth stages and their interaction whereas all other wheat traits significantly affected by different foliar fertilizers, growth stages and their interaction.The mean maximum plant height (cm), grains spike-1 and seed index (1000 grain weight g) were recorded at 0.5% urea nitrogen concentrations whereas other wheat traits tillers plant-1, spike length (cm), spikelets spike-1 and grain yield kg ha-1 were found superior at 0.5% and 1.0% foliar nitrogen concentrations.Maximum mean for growth stages was observed at plant height (cm), tillers plan-1,spike length (cm), spikelets spike-1, seed index (1000 grain weight g) and grain yield were recorded at tiilering stages whereas higher value of grains spike-1 was recorded at anthesis growth stage of wheat. The interactive results indicated that the maximum plant height (cm) was recorded at interaction of 1.0% foliar nitrogen concentration x tillering stage, however higher values of tillers plan-1, spike length (cm) spikelets spike-1, seed index (1000 grain weight g) and grain yield kg ha-1 were observed at interaction of 0.5% and 1.0% foliar nitrogen concentrations x tillering stages. Further results indicated that the foliar nitrogen concentrations, growth stages and their interaction showed enhanced values as compared to control plots where no any fertilizer was applied.&nbsp

The Subak in Diaspora: Balinese Farmers and the Subak in South Sulawesi

The subak has a long history as an irrigators’ institution on Bali. It has also spread across Indonesia along with Balinese farmers who were resettled by colonial and post-colonial governments or who have migrated spontaneously since colonial times. While subaks have been much researched in Bali itself, little is known about subaks outside Bali. Luwu District in South Sulawesi is one of the areas where thousands of Balinese families settled in the last four decades. Based on research in this transmigration area, this paper analyzes the emergence and development of the subak in relation to the development of irrigation infrastructure of a state-built irrigation system. A comparison between two Balinese settlements in the same system shows that differences in infrastructural and managerial conditions and arrangements between parts of the irrigation system were major determinants of the institutional space allowed for the subak and ways in which the subaks developed

Physiological and cell ultrastructure disturbances in wheat seedlings generated by Chenopodium murale hairy root exudate.

Chenopodium murale L. is an invasive weed species significantly interfering with wheat crop. However, the complete nature of its allelopathic influence on crops is not yet fully understood. In the present study, the focus is made on establishing the relation between plant morphophysiological changes and oxidative stress, induced by allelopathic extract. Phytotoxic medium of C. murale hairy root clone R5 reduced the germination rate (24% less than control value) of wheat cv. Nataša seeds, as well as seedling growth, diminishing shoot and root length significantly, decreased total chlorophyll content, and induced abnormal root gravitropism. The R5 treatment caused cellular structural abnormalities, reflecting on the root and leaf cell shape and organization. These abnormalities mostly included the increased number of mitochondria and reorganization of the vacuolar compartment, changes in nucleus shape, and chloroplast organization and distribution. The most significant structural changes were observed in cell wall in the form of amoeboid protrusions and folds leading to its irregular shape. These structural alterations were accompanied by an oxidative stress in tissues of treated wheat seedlings, reflected as increased level of H2O2 and other ROS molecules, an increase of radical scavenging capacity and total phenolic content. Accordingly, the retardation of wheat seedling growth by C. murale allelochemicals may represent a consequence of complex activity involving both cell structure alteration and physiological processes.This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Protoplasma. The final authenticated version is available online at: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1250-0

Soil information system: use and potentials in humid and semi-arid tropics

The articles presented in this special section emanated from the researches of consortium members of the National Agricultural Innovative Project (NAIP, Component 4) of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. These researches have helped develop a soil information system (SIS). In view of the changing scenario all over the world, the need of the hour is to get assistance from a host of researchers specialized in soils, crops, geology, geography and information technology to make proper use of the datasets. Equipped with the essential knowledge of data storage and retrieval for management recommendations, these experts should be able to address the issues of land degradation, biodiversity, food security, climate change and ultimately arrive at an appropriate agricultural land-use planning. Moreover, as the natural resource information is an essential prerequisite for monitoring and predicting global environmental change with special reference to climate and land use options, the SIS needs to be a dynamic exercise to accommodate temporal datasets, so that subsequently it should result in the evolution of the soil information technology. The database developed through this NAIP would serve as an example of the usefulness of the Consortium and the research initiative of ICAR involving experts from different fields to find out the potentials of the soils of humid and semi-arid bioclimatic systems of the country

Georeferenced soil information system: assessment of database

Land-use planning is a decision-making process that facilitates the allocation of land to different uses that provide optimal and sustainable benefit. As land-use is shaped by society–nature interaction, in land-use planning different components/facets play a significant role involving soil, water, climate, animal (ruminant/ non-ruminant) and others, including forestry and the environment needed for survival of mankind. At times these components are moderated by human interference. Thus land-use planning being a dynamic phenomenon is not guided by a single factor, but by a complex system working simultaneously,which largely affects the sustainability. To address such issues a National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) on ‘Georeferenced soil information system for land-use planning and monitoring soil and land quality for agriculture’ was undertaken to develop threshold values of land quality parameters for land-use planning through quantitative land evaluation and crop modelling for dominant cropping systems in major agro-ecological sub-regions (AESRs) representing rice–wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and deep-rooted crops in the black soil regions (BSR). To assess the impact of landuse change, threshold land quality indicator values are used. A modified AESR map for agricultural landuse planning is generated for effective land-use planning

EFFECT OF N APPLICATON AND N SPLITING STRATEGY ON MAIZE N UPTAKE, BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND PHYSIO-AGRONOMIC CHARACTERSTICS Effect of N application and N spliting strategy on maize N uptake, biomass production and physio-agronomic characteristics. Sarhad J.

ABSTRAC

Consumptive use and return flows in urban water use

December 1996.Includes bibliographical references (page 24).Grant no. 14-08-0001-G2008, project no. 3; financed in part by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey

Avoidance of cybersecurity threats with the deployment of a web-based blockchain-enabled cybersecurity awareness system

Modern information technology (IT) is well developed, and almost everyone uses the features of IT and services within the Internet. However, people are being affected due to cybersecurity threats. People can adhere to the recommended cybersecurity guidelines, rules, adopted standards, and cybercrime preventive measures to largely mitigate these threats. The ignorance of or lack of cybersecurity knowledge also causes a critical problem regarding confidentiality and privacy. It is not possible to fully avoid cybercrimes that often lead to sufficient business losses and spread forbidden themes (disgust, extremism, child porn, etc.). Therefore, to reduce the risk of cybercrimes, a web-based Blockchain-enabled cybersecurity awareness program (WBCA) process is introduced in this paper. The proposed WBCA trains users to improve their security skills. The proposed program helps with understanding the common behaviors of cybercriminals and improves user knowledge of cybersecurity hygiene, best cybersecurity practices, modern cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and trends. Furthermore, the proposed WBCA uses Blockchain technology to protect the program from potential threats. The proposed program is validated and tested using real-world cybersecurity topics with real users and cybersecurity experts. We anticipate that the proposed program can be extended to other domains, such as national or corporate courses, to increase the cybersecurity awareness level of users. A CentOS-based virtual private server is deployed for testing the proposed WBCA to determine its effectiveness. Finally, WBCA is also compared with other state-of-the-art web-based programs designed for cybersecurity awareness. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]