A study of the effect of forcing function characteristics on human operator dynamics in manual control

The effect of the spectrum of the forcing function on the human pilot dynamics in manual control was investigated. A simple compensatory tracking experiment was conducted, where the controlled element was of a second-order dynamics and the forcing function was a random noise having a dominant frequency. The dominant frequency and the power of the forcing function were two variable parameters during the experiment. The results show that the human pilot describing functions are dependent not only on the dynamics of the controlled element, but also on the characteristics of the forcing function. This suggests that the human pilot behavior should be expressed by the transfer function taking into consideration his ability to sense and predict the forcing function

Invariant subspaces of finite codimension and uniform algebras

Let A be a uniform algebra on a compact Hausdorff space X and m a probability measure on X. Let Hp(m) be the norm closure of A in Lp(m) with 1 ≤ p < ∞ and H∞(m) the weak * closure of A in L∞(m). In this paper, we describe a closed ideal of A and exhibit a closed invariant subspace of Hp(m) for A that is of finite codimension

Spectra of Toeplitz Operators and Uniform Algebras

Let A be a uniform algebra on X and P a set of all probability measures on X. For each µ in P, H2 (µ) is the closure of A in L2 (µ) and Tt is a Toeplitz operator on H2 (µ) for a continuous function cf> on X. In this paper we study the invertibility and the spectrum of Tip = L EB Tt. We show that if Tip is invertible then the index of cf> is zero and if the converse is true for an arbitrary continuous function cf> then A is a Dirichlet algebra on X. Moreover we study the spectrum of Tip

Importance of Acid–Base Equilibrium in Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formic Acid on Platinum

This work was supported by Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grants Nos. 24550143 and 24750117 and MEXT Project of Integrated Research on Chemical Synthesis. M.T.M.K. gratefully acknowledges the award of Long-Term Fellowship of JSPS (No. L-11527) and Visiting Professorship of Hokkaido University. T.U. acknowledges Grants-in-Aid for Regional R&D Proposal-Based Program from Northern Advancement Center for Science & Technology of Hokkaido, Japan. J.J. acknowledges scholarship of Asian Graduate School, Hokkaido University.Peer reviewedPostprin

Are both agricultural intensification and farmland abandonment threats to biodiversity? A test with bird communities in paddy-dominated landscapes

Land-use changes, including agricultural intensification and farmland abandonment, influence biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. However, few studies have focused on how the two major land-use changes affect different types of species at landscape scales. This study examined the relationships between the richness and abundance of five bird groups (agricultural wetland species, agricultural land species, grassland species, edge species, and woodland species) as well as the total species richness and abundance, and intensification or abandonment in 28 square, 100-ha grid cells in paddy-dominated landscapes in the Tone River basin of central Japan. Rice-field intensification and abandonment were not completely segregated spatially: intensification occurred in both plain and hilly areas surrounded by forests, while abandonment tended to occur in hilly areas. The effects of intensification and abandonment differed among species groups and between seasons. The richness or abundance of agricultural wetland species in summer were negatively associated with both intensification and abandonment. While the abundance of agricultural land species in winter and grassland species in both seasons were positively associated with intensification and abandonment, respectively. The total species richness and abundance did not show clear association with intensification and abandonment due to a variety of responses of the five bird groups. Based on prefectural Red Data Books, agricultural wetland species, followed by grassland species, were more threatened than other three groups in both summer and winter. This study found that (1) the diversity of habitats (including consolidated and abandoned farmlands) provides buffer areas for the different bird groups on different times of the year and (2) agricultural wetland species that use flooded rice fields in summer, such as egrets and shorebirds, are particularly threatened by both intensification and abandonment.We thank Yoshinori Tokuoka, Susumu Yamada, Eun-Young Kim, and Shori Yamamoto for providing land-use data. We also appreciate two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions. This study was conducted as part of the research project “Developing management techniques for agricultural and aquatic ecosystems in river basins in pursuit of coexistence with nature,” funded by the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council of Japan. N.K. and T.O. were also financially supported by JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) KAKENHI Grant Numbers 25830154 and 24710038, respectively. T.A. was supported by the European Commission’s Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship Programme (PIIFGA-2011-303221).This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.08.01

ESTIMATION OF GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION USING SATELLITE DATA AND GIS IN URBAN AREA, DENPASAR

Remote sensing data with high spatial resolution is very useful to provideinformation about Gross Primary Production (GPP) especially over spatial coverage in theurban area. Most models of ecosystem carbon exchange based on remote sensing data usedlight use efficiency (LUE) model. The aim of this research was to analyze the distributionof annual GPP urban area of Denpasar. Two main satellite data used in this study wereALOS/AVNIR-2 and Aster satellite data. Result showed that annual value of GPP usingALOS/AVNIR-2 varied from 0.130 gC m-2 yr-1 to 2586.181 gC m-2 yr-1. Meanwhile, usingAster the value varied from 0.144 gC m-2 yr-1 to 2595.264 gC m-2 yr-1. The annual value ofGPP ALOS was lower than the value of Aster, because ALOS have high spatial resolutionand smaller interval of spectral resolution compared to Aster. Different land use couldeffect the value of GPP, because the different land use has different vegetation type,distribution, and different photosynthetic pathway type. The high spatial resolution of theremote sensing data is crucial to discriminate different land cover types in urban region.With heterogeneous land cover surface, maximum value of GPP using ALOS/AVNIR-2was smaller than that of Aster, however, the annual mean of GPP value usingALOS/AVNIR-2 was higher than that of Aster

Itinerant Ferromagnetism in layered crystals LaCoOX (X = P, As)

The electronic and magnetic properties of cobalt-based layered oxypnictides, LaCoOX (X = P, As), are investigated. LaCoOP and LaCoOAs show metallic type conduction, and the Fermi edge is observed by hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ferromagnetic transitions occur at 43 K for LaCoOP and 66 K for LaCoOAs. Above the transition temperatures, temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility follows the Curie-Weiss law. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) is observed at the Co L2,3-edge, but not at the other edges. The calculated electronic structure shows a spin polarized ground state. These results indicate that LaCoOX are itinerant ferromagnets and suggest that their magnetic properties are governed by spin fluctuation.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, Physical Review B, in press. Received 17 February 2008. Accepted 29 May 200