By whatever name

This paper explores the significance of naming and the role of editing practices of Shakespeare's plays: Is it Imogen or Innogen, Falstaff or Oldcastle? By looking into how editors of Shakespeare have approached these and other naming problems we will investigate what has influenced their approaches and choices, what the implications of their choices might be and what we may learn from their ways of thinking about textual editing, be it defective or successful. This paper therefore deals with editing practices in general and, more specifically, with the actual significance of naming: is Henry IV featuring Sir John Oldcastle a wholly different play from Henry IV featuring Sir John Falstaff?publishedVersio

An open pilot study of an internet-delivered intervention targeting self-perceived residual cognitive symptoms after major depressive disorder

Residual cognitive symptoms are associated with reduced daily life functioning, quality of life and represent a risk factor for relapse of major depressive disorder (MDD). There are few studies targeting self-perceived residual cognitive symptoms after MDD. The current open pilot study examines clinical outcomes and feasibility of a novel internet-delivered cognitive enhancement treatment for mood disorders specifically tailored to target self-perceived residual cognitive symptoms after MDD. A total of 43 adults with self-perceived residual cognitive symptoms after MDD were included. Participants were assessed pre- and post-treatment and at 6-month follow-up. The intervention consists of 10 modules that includes psychoeducation, cognitive strategies, and attention training, coupled with weekly therapist guidance. Results showed a significant reduction from pre- to post-treatment in self-perceived residual cognitive symptoms (d = 0.98) and rumination (d = 0.63). Results remained significant at the 6-month follow-up (d = 1.06; d = 0.86). Reliable change in self-perceived residual cognitive symptoms were obtained in 60% of the participants from pre- to post-treatment. Completion rates (86%) and treatment satisfaction (97%) were high. This open pilot study supports that targeting self-perceived residual cognitive symptoms after MDD through internet-delivered cognitive enhancement therapy for mood disorders may be feasible and provide stable reductions in self-perceived residual cognitive symptoms and rumination.publishedVersio

Hvordan påvirker demografi europeiske turisters informasjonssøk?

Masteroppgave i bedriftsøkonomi - Universitetet i Nordland, 2012Intensjonen med denne masteroppgaven er å se på i hvilken grad europeiske turisters prefererte informasjonskilder i forkant av reisebeslutninger har sammenheng med deres demografiske bakgrunn. Den overordnede problemstillingen som oppgaven søker å besvare lyder derfor som følger: Hvordan er europeiske turisters prefererte informasjonskilder relatert til demografisk bakgrunn? Turisme som fagfelt tildeles økende grad av oppmerksomhet på grunn av rollen denne næringen kan spille i fremtidens økonomi. Turismeindustrien er en vekstnæring som er avhengig av å nå ut til turister som søker etter informasjon under planleggingen av reiser og ferier. Det å øke oppmerksomheten rundt de tilgjengelige destinasjoner og deres tilbud er av kritisk viktighet for turistbransjens suksess. I denne sammenheng er det derfor svært interessant for bransjen å kjenne til hvilke informasjonskilder som turistene foretrekker å benytte i planleggingen av sine reisemål. Det bygges på teori som argumenterer for at enhver markedsføringsstrategi rettet mot å tiltrekke turister bør inkludere en identifikasjon av informasjonskildene som benyttes av det aktuelle segmentet (McGuire, Uysal, & McDonald, 1988; Uysal, McDonald, & Reid, 1990). Segmentering av turister er også noe som i økende grad har skjedd ut fra deres informasjonssøksstrategi (Bieger og Laesser 2004; Fodness and Murray 1997, 1999), ofte sammen med et kulturelt aspekt (Gursoy og Chen, 2000; Gursoy og Umbreit 2004). Det påpekes i denne forbindelse begrensninger knyttet til informasjonssøk og demografisk segmentering innenfor eksisterende litteratur, noe som derfor utgjør oppgavens overordnede fokusområde. Gjennom å bidra til å skape en bredere forståelse av turisters informasjonssøk, samt å identifisere og analysere turisters preferanser innenfor demografiske segmenter, vil denne oppgaven kunne gi verdifull kunnskap på både teoretisk og praktisk nivå. Dette inkluderer en generell utvidelse av fagområdets teorigrunnlag og gir i tillegg en praktisk nytteverdi gjennom å kunne bidra til forbedret faglig beslutningsgrunnlag i forbindelse med eksempelvis turistnæringens markedsføringsvalg. For sistnevnte kan muligheten til å benytte demografisk segmentering i sin markedsføringsstrategi være spesielt verdifull. I forskningsarbeidet er det utført en korrespondanseanalyse for å vurdere relasjonene mellom preferansevalg i forhold til informasjonskildene anbefalinger, internett, erfaring, media, reisebøker, kataloger og media, og respondentenes demografi inndelt i kjønn, alder, utdanning, jobbsituasjon og urbanitet. Analysens funn diskuteres og resultatene gir muligheten til å presentere praktiske og teoretiske implikasjoner. Oppgavens analyse benytter sekundærdata samlet inn via en større Eurobarometer- spørreundersøkelse (n=27 000) utført av Gallup-organisasjonen, på oppdrag fra EUs Directorate General Enterprise and Industry. Respondentene utgjorde et representativt og tilfeldig utvalgt utsnitt av den europeiske unions befolkning. Undersøkelsen kartla sosiodemografisk bakgrunn og undersøkte holdninger og valg knyttet til reiser, feriehistorie og ferieplanlegging. Med stor grad av sannsynlighet avviser analysen muligheten for at sammenhengene mellom demografi og informasjonskildepreferanser er tilfeldige. Resultatene tyder på påviselige sammenhenger mellom flere av de utvalgte variabler og respondentenes bruk av informasjonskilder. Blant annet antyder analysen at bruk av moderne informasjonskilder som internett er knyttet sterkere sammen med turister innenfor yngre aldergrupper og de høyt utdannede, enn hva tilfellet er for eldre aldergrupper og lavt utdannede. Man ser tegn til at eldre og lavt utdannede befolkningsgrupper viser en større nærhet til bruken av reisebyråer. Funnene viser altså forskjeller mellom europeiske turisters informasjonsvalg avhengig av deres demografiske bakgrunn. Selv om hovedtrendene er uniforme, bruken av anbefalinger, internett og egne erfaringer er gjennomgående høy, finner analysen at segmenter med potensiell strategisk nytte kan la seg utlede. Det foreslås en inndeling i fem ulike segmenter ut fra resultatene analysen har frembrakt og relatert til variablenes dimensjonale posisjonering. Bruken av informasjonskilder som vist gjennom analysens grafiske fremstilling resulterte i defineringen av to kontrasterende dimensjoner. Første dimensjon som innehar størst forklaringsevne deler kildebruken inn i moderne versus tradisjonelle informasjonskilder, mens andre dimensjon kontrasterer sosiale kilder og ikke-sosiale kilder. I forhold til de ulike variablene antydes demografiske skillelinjer hvor første dimensjon viser kontraster mellom yngre aldersgrupper og høyt utdannede opp mot lavt utdannede og eldre aldersgrupper. Andre dimensjon viser kontraster hvor studenter, yngre aldersgrupper og lavt utdannede stilles opp mot eldre aldersgrupper, høyt utdannede og ansatte

By Whatever Name

This paper explores the significance of naming and the role of editing practices of Shakespeare's plays: Is it Imogen or Innogen, Falstaff or Oldcastle? By looking into how editors of Shakespeare have approached these and other naming problems we will investigate what has influenced their approaches and choices, what the implications of their choices might be and what we may learn from their ways of thinking about textual editing, be it defective or successful. This paper therefore deals with editing practices in general and, more specifically, with the actual significance of naming: is Henry IV featuring Sir John Oldcastle a wholly different play from Henry IV featuring Sir John Falstaff

Norsk-russiske vitenskapelige relasjoner innen arktisk forskning 1814-1914

Norway and Russia are both northern states, who administer vast maritime zones and land territories in the Arctic. Because of this, in both states we find a distinct northern focus that has occupied a prominent place, not least inside the field of sciences over the last two centuries. During the last decades of the 19th century there developed a handful of so to say specific arctic research disciplines, such as Arctic oceanographic studies, meteorology, auroral research, and also fishery related research.Throughout the different sub disciplines of arctic research, Norwegian and Russian scientists have held parallel research interests over the last two centuries. This hasled to a strongly felt need for exchange of data and knowledge across the border, and also a desire to conduct transnational studies. The article explores the border crossing Norwegian-Russian scientific networks in arctic research through the 19th century

Clustering of the SOM easily reveals distinct gene expression patterns: results of a reanalysis of lymphoma study

BACKGROUND: A method to evaluate and analyze the massive data generated by series of microarray experiments is of utmost importance to reveal the hidden patterns of gene expression. Because of the complexity and the high dimensionality of microarray gene expression profiles, the dimensional reduction of raw expression data and the feature selections necessary for, for example, classification of disease samples remains a challenge. To solve the problem we propose a two-level analysis. First self-organizing map (SOM) is used. SOM is a vector quantization method that simplifies and reduces the dimensionality of original measurements and visualizes individual tumor sample in a SOM component plane. Next, hierarchical clustering and K-means clustering is used to identify patterns of gene expression useful for classification of samples. RESULTS: We tested the two-level analysis on public data from diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. The analysis easily distinguished major gene expression patterns without the need for supervision: a germinal center-related, a proliferation, an inflammatory and a plasma cell differentiation-related gene expression pattern. The first three patterns matched the patterns described in the original publication using supervised clustering analysis, whereas the fourth one was novel. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that by using SOM as an intermediate step to analyze genome-wide gene expression data, the gene expression patterns can more easily be revealed. The "expression display" by the SOM component plane summarises the complicated data in a way that allows the clinician to evaluate the classification options rather than giving a fixed diagnosis

Long-term outcomes of an internet-delivered cognitive enhancement intervention targeting residual cognitive deficits after major depressive disorder: a 2-year follow-up of an open trial

Background: Cognitive deficits are common and disabling residual symptoms following major depressive disorder (MDD) and are related to increased risk of relapse. Residual cognitive deficits should thus be considered an important target for treatment. However, few have reported long-term outcomes of interventions targeting residual cognitive deficits. Objective: This study aimed to (1) investigate change between pre-treatment and 2-year follow-up assessments in cognitive deficits, rumination, and symptoms of MDD after an internet-delivered intervention targeting residual cognitive deficits; (2) to investigate stability in outcomes between 6-month and 2-year follow-up assessments; (3) to report the number of participants’ experiencing a new episode of MDD in the follow-up period; and (4) to investigate differences in outcomes between those who experienced a new episode of MDD and those who did not. Methods: A total of 43 partly remitted adults were included to test a guided internet-delivered intervention, which consisted of 10 modules involving psychoeducation, cognitive strategies, and attention training. Participants were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, after 6-months, and after 2-years, with measures assessing self-reported residual cognitive deficits, rumination, symptoms of MDD and relapse. Overall, 32 participants completed the 2-year follow-up assessment. Results: Between the pre-treatment and 2-year follow-up assessments, there was a reduction in cognitive deficits and rumination, while there was an increase in symptoms of MDD. Cognitive deficits were stable between the 6-month and the 2-year follow-up, while there was an increase in rumination and symptoms of MDD. Thirteen of 32 participants reported a new episode of MDD during the follow-up period. The relapse group reported longer duration of MDD at pre-treatment and showed a difference in all outcomes after 2 years compared to the no-relapse group. The no-relapse group showed improvement in MDD symptoms at post-treatment, while the relapse group did not. Conclusion: Delivering cognitive enhancement interventions over the internet is potentially related to stable improvements in residual cognitive deficits. The effects on rumination and symptoms of MDD are less certain. Lack of improvement in MDD symptoms after the intervention period should be investigated as an indicator of relapse. Results should be interpreted with caution due to the lack of control group and sample size.publishedVersio

M-CGH: Analysing microarray-based CGH experiments

BACKGROUND: Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridisation (array CGH) is a technique by which variation in relative copy numbers between two genomes can be analysed by competitive hybridisation to DNA microarrays. This technology has most commonly been used to detect chromosomal amplifications and deletions in cancer. Dedicated tools are needed to analyse the results of such experiments, which include appropriate visualisation, and to take into consideration the physical relation in the genome between the probes on the array. RESULTS: M-CGH is a MATLAB toolbox with a graphical user interface designed specifically for the analysis of array CGH experiments, with multiple approaches to ratio normalization. Specifically, the distributions of three classes of DNA copy numbers (gains, normal and losses) can be estimated using a maximum likelihood method. Amplicon boundaries are computed by either the fuzzy K-nearest neighbour method or a wavelet approach. The program also allows linking each genomic clone with the corresponding genomic information in the Ensembl database . CONCLUSIONS: M-CGH, which encompasses the basic tools needed for analysing array CGH experiments, is freely available for academics , and does not require any other MATLAB toolbox