47 research outputs found

    Nutrition in the post-genome era: 'omic' tools basics and applications

    Get PDF
    Após seqüenciamento do genoma humano, os estudos genômicos têm se voltado à elucidação das funções de todos os genes, bem como à caracterização de suas interações com fatores ambientais. A nutrigenômica surgiu no contexto do pós-genoma humano e é considerada área-chave para a nutrição nesta década. Seu foco de estudo baseia-se na interação gene-nutriente. Esta ciência recente tem como objetivo principal o estabelecimento de dietas personalizadas, com base no genótipo, para a promoção da saúde e a redução do risco de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis como as cardiovasculares, o câncer, o diabetes, entre outras. Nesse contexto, é fundamental a aplicação na área de nutrição das ferramentas de genômica funcional para análise do transcritoma (transcritômica), do proteoma (proteômica) e do metaboloma (metabolômica). As aplicabilidades dessas metodologias em estudos nutricionais parecem ilimitadas, pois podem ser conduzidas em cultura de células, modelos de experimentação em animais, estudos pré-clinicos e clínicos. Tais técnicas apresentam potencial para identificar biomarcadores que respondem especificamente a um determinado nutriente ou composto bioativo dos alimentos e para estabelecer as melhores recomendações dietéticas individuais para redução do risco das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e promoção da saúde.After sequencing the human genome, genomic studies have been focusing on elucidating the function of all genes, as well as characterizing their interactions with environmental factors. Nutrigenomics emerged in the pos-genome era and is considered a key-area for nutrition in the present decade. Its research focus is nutrient-gene interaction. The main objective of this recent science is to establish personalized genotype-based diets that promote health and reduce the risk of non-communicable chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and others. In this context, it is essential to use functional genomic tools to analyze the transcriptome (transcriptomics), proteome (proteomics) and metabolome (metabolomics) in the field of nutrition. The applicabilities of such methodologies in nutritional studies seem unlimited since they can be conducted in cell cultures, animal models and pre-clinical and clinical studies. Such techniques may allow one to identify biomarkers that respond specifically to a certain dietary nutrient or bioactive compound and to establish the best individual dietary advice to reduce the risk of non-communicable chronic diseases and promote health

    Efficacy of the dietary histone deacetylase inhibitor butyrate alone or in combination with vitamin A against proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

    Get PDF
    The combined treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and retinoids has been suggested as a potential epigenetic strategy for the control of cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treatment with butyrate, a dietary HDACi, combined with vitamin A on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cell proliferation was evaluated by the crystal violet staining method. MCF-7 cells were plated at 5 x 10(4) cells/mL and treated with butyrate (1 mM) alone or combined with vitamin A (10 µM) for 24 to 120 h. Cell proliferation inhibition was 34, 10 and 46% following treatment with butyrate, vitamin A and their combination, respectively, suggesting that vitamin A potentiated the inhibitory activities of butyrate. Furthermore, exposure to this short-chain fatty acid increased the level of histone H3K9 acetylation by 9.5-fold (Western blot), but not of H4K16, and increased the expression levels of p21WAF1 by 2.7-fold (Western blot) and of RARβ by 2.0-fold (quantitative real-time PCR). Our data show that RARβ may represent a molecular target for butyrate in breast cancer cells. Due to its effectiveness as a dietary HDACi, butyrate should be considered for use in combinatorial strategies with more active retinoids, especially in breast cancers in which RARβ is epigenetically altered

    Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

    Get PDF
    BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

    Farnesol and gernariol chemopreventive activity in Wistar rats submitted to the \"resistant hepatocyte\"model of hepatocarcinogenesis

    No full text
    No presente estudo avaliou-se a atividade quimiopreventiva do farnesol (FR) e geraniol (GR), isoprenóides presentes em frutas e ervas, quando administrados a ratos Wistar durante as etapas de iniciação e/ou seleção/promoção do modelo de hepatocarcinogênese do \"hepatócito resistente\" (RH). No Protocolo Experimental 1, os animais receberam durante 8 semanas consecutivas, continuamente durante as etapas de iniciação e seleção/promoção, por entubação gástrica e dissolvido em óleo de milho (OM): FR (25 mg/100 g de peso corpóreo [p.c.]; grupo FR) ou GR (25 mg/100 g de p.c.; grupo GR). Além disso, 1 grupo recebeu durante o mesmo período, por entubação gástrica, apenas OM (0,25 mL/100 g de p.c.; grupo OM; controle). Duas semanas após o início dos tratamentos, todos os grupos foram submetidos ao modelo do RH. Esse consistiu na aplicação intraperitoneal de uma dose do agente iniciante dietilnitrosamina (DEN, 20 mg/100 g de p.c.), seguida, 2 semanas após, da aplicação de 4 doses consecutivas de 2-acetilaminofluoreno (2-AAF; 2,5 mg/100 g de p.c.) e de uma hepatectomia parcial (HP) a 70%, acrescida de 2 doses de 2-AAF (2 mg/100 g de p.c.) 2 e 4 dias após a cirurgia. Decorridas 6 semanas após a iniciação com DEN, os animais foram sacrificados administrando-se, entretanto, 2 h. antes desse procedimento 5-bromo-2-desoxiuridina (BrdU) (10 mg/100 g de p.c.). De acordo com a análise macroscópica dos fígados, e em comparação ao grupo OM, verificou-se que o FR inibiu a incidência (p0,05) entre os diferentes grupos. No Protocolo Experimental 2, os ratos receberam apenas durante 2 semanas consecutivas na fase de iniciação, e por entubação gástrica, FR (25 mg/100 g p.c.; grupo FRi), GR (25 mg/100 g p.c.; grupo GRi) ou OM (0,25 mL/00 g p.c.; grupo OMi, controle), sendo então submetidos ao modelo do RH, conforme descrito para o Protocolo Experimental 1. O sacrifício dos animais ocorreu 6 semanas após iniciação com DEN. De acordo com a análise macroscópica dos fígados, não foram constatadas diferenças entre os diferentes grupos (p>0,05) quanto à incidência de LPN hepáticas visíveis à macroscopia. Em comparação ao grupo OMi (controle), observou-se nos grupos FRi e GRi sugestão de maior número de LPN hepáticas visíveis à macroscopia. Também em comparação ao grupo OMi (controle), observou-se no grupo GRi menor (p0,05) entre os diferentes grupos quanto à concentração hepática de DNA. No Protocolo Experimental 3, os ratos receberam inicialmente uma dose de DEN (20 mg/100 g de p.c.). Duas semanas após, os animais passaram a receber por entubação gástrica, durante 6 semanas consecutivas em período compreendendo a etapa de seleção/promoção: FR (25 mg/100 g p.c.; grupo FRs/p), GR (25 mg/100 g p.c.; grupo GRs/p) ou OM (0,25 mL/100 g p.c.; grupo Oms/p; controle). Nesse experimento, as administrações de 2-AAF e a realização da HP ocorreram 4 semanas após a iniciação com DEN. O sacrifício dos animais ocorreu após 8 semanas da iniciação com DEN. Em comparação ao grupo OMs/p (controle), observou-se nos grupos FRs/p e GRs/p sugestão de menor número médio de LPN hepáticas visíveis à macroscopia. Não foram constatadas diferenças (p>O,05) entre os diferentes grupos quanto à incidência de LPN hepáticas visíveis à macroscopia; quanto ao número, tamanho e área do corte ocupada por LPN hepáticas GST-P positivas totais (persistentes + em remodelação); e quanto à concentração hepática de DNA. De acordo com os resultados do estudo, considerou-se pronunciada a atividade quimiopreventiva do FR quando administrado a ratos Wistar continuamente durante as etapas de iniciação e seleção/promoção do modelo de hepatocarcinogênese do RH (Protocolo Experimenta! 1). Nessas mesmas condições, considerou-se moderada a atividade quimiopreventiva do GR. Inibições da proliferação celular e de danos no DNA parecem estar envolvidas com as ações anticarcinogênicas do FR e GR, enquanto que a indução da apoptose parece ser mecanismo de ação específico do GR. Além disso, as ações protetoras do FR e GR não parecem envolver alterações na expressão do receptor nuclear FXR. Finalmente, quando administrados especificamente durante a etapa de iniciação (Protocolo Experimental 2) ou de seleção/promoção (Protocolo Experimental 3), ambos os isoprenóides não foram capazes de apresentar atividades quimiopreventivas efetivas. Dessa forma, em ratos Wistar submetidos ao modelo do RH, é necessária a administração contínua de FR ou GR durante as etapas de iniciação e seleção/promoção para a ocorrência de atividades quimiopreventivas.In the present study, the chemopreventive activity of farnesol (FR) and geraniol (GR), isoprenoids present in fruits and herbs, was evaluated when administered to Wistar rats during the initiation and/or selection/promotion phases of the \"resistant hepatocyte\" (RH) model of hepatocarcinogenesis. In Experimental Protocol 1, animals received during 8 consecutive weeks, continuously during the initiation and selection/promotion phases, by gavage and dissolved in corn oil (CO): FR (25 mg/100g9 body weight [b.w.]; FR group) or GR (25 mg/100 g de b.w.; GR group). Moreover, 1 group received during the same period, by gavage, only CO (0,25 mL/100 g de b.w.; CO group; controls). Two weeks after the beginning of the treatments, all groups were submitted to the RH model. Initiation was obtained by administration of a single intraperitoneal dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN; 20 mg/100 g b.w.) followed, 2 weeks after, by the administration of 4 consecutive doses of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF; .2.5 mg/100 b.w.) and by a partial (70%) hepatectomy (PH). Finally, 2 and 4 days after PH, 2 additional 2-AAF doses (2 mg/100 g b.w.) were administered. Six weeks after initiation with DEN, the animals were anesthetized and sacrificed by exsanguination. Two hours before sacrifice, the rats received 5-bromo-2\'-deoxyuridine (10 mg/100 g b.w.). According to the macroscopic examination of the livers, and compared to CO group, FR inhibited the incidence (P0,05) between the different groups. In the Experimental Protocol 2, rats received only for 2 consecutive weeks during the initiation phase, and by gavage: FR (25 mg/100 g body weight b.w.; FRi group), GR (25 mg/100 g de b.w.; GRi group) or CO (0,25 mL/100 g de b.w.; COi group; controls) being submitted to the RH model as described for Experimental Protocol 1. Six weeks after initiation with DEN, the animals were sacrificed. According to the macroscopic examination of the livers, no differences (p>0.05) were observed among the different groups regarding the incidence of visible PNL. In FRi and GRi groups a suggestion of higher number of visible PNL was observed, when compared to COi group (controls). Also compared to COi group, GRi group presented with smaller (p0.05) among the different groups were observed regarding hepatic DNA concentration. In Experimental Protocol 3, rats were first initiated with DEN (20 mg/100 g de b.w.). After 2 weeks, animals received by gavage for 6 consecutive weeks during the selection/promotion phase: FR (25 mg/100 g body weight b.w.; FRs/p group), GR (25 mg/100 g de b.w.; GRs/p group) or CO (0,25 Ml/100 g de b.w.; COs/p group; controls). In this experiment animals received 2-AAF doses and were submitted to PH 4 weeks after initiation with DEN. Six weeks after initiation with DEN, the animals were sacrificed. Compared to COs/p group (controls), a suggestion of smaller visible PNL mean number was observed in FRs/p e GRs/p groups. No differences (p>0.05) among the different groups were observed regarding visible PNL incidence; regarding number, size and liver section occupied by total (persistent + remodeling) GST-P positive PNL; and regarding hepatic DNA concentration. According to the results of the study, FR chemopreventive activity was considered pronounced when administered to Wistar rats continuously during the initiation and selection/promotion phases of the RH model of hepatocarcinogenesis (Experimental Protocol 1). In these same conditions, GR chemopreventive activity was considered moderate. Cell proliferation and DNA damage inhibition seem to be involved with FR and GR anticarcinogenic actions, whereas apoptosis induction seems to represent a GR specific mechanism. Furthermore, FR and GR protective actions do not seem to involve alterations in FXR expression. Finally, when administered specifically during the initiation (Experimental Protocol 2) or selection/promotion (Experimental Protocol 3) phase, both isoprenoids did not present effective chemopreventive activity. Thus, in Wistar rats submitted to the RH model, FR or GR should be administered continuously during the initiation and selection/promotion phases in order to obtain chemopreventive activities
    corecore